Chapter 3 Flashcards
(203 cards)
1
Q
what is neuroanatomy?
A
the anatomy of the nervous system
2
Q
what are the 2 components of the NS?
A
central and peripheral
3
Q
what makes up the CNS?
A
brain and spinal cord
4
Q
what makes up the PNS?
A
the nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
5
Q
what are the 2 divisions of the PNS?
A
autonomic and somatic
6
Q
what is the somatic nervous system?
A
Consists of the nerves that convey messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles and glands.
7
Q
what is the autonomic nervous system?
A
A set of neurons that control the heart, the intestines, and other organs.
8
Q
toward the back
A
dorsal
9
Q
toward the stomach
A
ventral
10
Q
toward the front
A
anterior
11
Q
toward the rear
A
posterior
12
Q
above another part
A
superior
13
Q
below another part
A
inferior
14
Q
toward the side, away from midline
A
lateral
15
Q
toward the midline away from the side
A
medial
16
Q
located close to the point of origin or attachment
A
proximal
17
Q
located more distant from the point of origin or attachment
A
distal
18
Q
on the same side of the body
A
Ipsilateral
19
Q
on the opposite side of the body
A
Contralateral
20
Q
plane that shows the brain structures as seen from the front
A
Coronal plane
21
Q
plane that shows the brain structures as seen from the side
A
Saggital plane
22
Q
Horizontal plane
A
plane that shows brain structures as seen from above
23
Q
a row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites
A
Lamina
24
Q
a set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex, with similar properties
A
Column
25
a set of axons within the CNS, also known as a projection
Tract
26
a set of axons in the periphery, either from the CNS to a muscle or gland or from a sensory organ to the CNS
Nerve
27
a cluster of neuron cell bodies, usually outside the CNS
Ganglion
28
a protuberance on the surface of the brain
Gyrus (pl. gyri)
29
a fold or groove that separates one gyrus from another
Sulcus (pl. sulci)
30
a long, deep sulcus
Fissure
31
what is part of the CNS and is found inside the spinal column?
spinal cord
32
what does the spinal cord do?
communicates with the sense organs and muscles below the level of the head
33
entering dorsal roots of the spinal cord carry what kind of information?
sensory
34
what kind of information do exiting ventral roots carry?
motor information
35
dorsal root
arriving, sensory info (skin)
36
ventral root
exiting, motor info (muscles and glands)
37
cell bodies of the SENSORY neurons are located in clusters of neurons OUTSIDE the spinal cord?
dorsal root ganglia
38
the spinal cord is made up of 2 kinds of matter:
gray and white
39
what kind of matter creates the H shape in the middle of the spinal cord?
gray matter
40
what kind of matter is densely packed with cell bodies and axons?
gray
41
what kind of matter is composed of myelinated axons that carry info from gray matter to the brain?
white
42
each segment of the spinal cord sends SENSORY info to the brain and receives motor commands via _______
tracts
43
where are MOTOR neuron cell bodies located?
gray matter inside the spinal cord
44
What NS sends and receives messages to regulate the body's automatic behaviors (HR, BP, RR, digestion)?
autonomic
45
what NS is called the craniosacral system and why?
parasympathetic, made up of cranial nerves and the sacral portion of the spinal cord
46
what NS: Facilitates vegetative and nonemergency responses?
parasympathetic
47
what NS: decreases HR, and RR and increases digestion and sexual arousal? (REST and DIGEST)
parasympathetic
48
the PNS is composed of _____ PREganglionic axons that extend from the spinal cord and ____ POSTganglionic fibers that attach to the organs themselves
long, short
49
what NS: A network of nerves that prepares the organs for rigorous activity? (FIGHT or FLIGHT)
sympathetic
50
what NS is composed of CHAINS of ganglia on the left and right of the spinal cord?
sympathetic
51
what NS has synchronous activity?
sympathetic
52
sweat and adrenal glands, muscles that constrict BVs and arrector pili m. can ONLY have ___________ input
sympathetic
53
what is the NT for symp NS?
norepinephrine
54
______ganglionic axons of the parasympathetic NS mostly release _______ as an NT
post, acetylcholine
55
OTC cold drugs inhibit sinus flow by _________ parasympathetic responses which _______ sympathetic response, seen in the side effects of increased HR, BP
block, increase
56
what are the 3 main divisions of the brain?
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
57
are the parasympathetic ganglia close to the spinal cord?
no
58
what is the other name for midbrain?
mesencephalon
59
what is the other name for the hindbrain?
rhombencephalon
60
what structures make up the hindbrain?
medulla, pons, cerebellum (MPC)
61
what are the other names for the forebrain? (3)
prosencephalon, diencephalon, telencephalon
62
what structures make up the "diencephalon"?
thalamus, hypothalamus
63
what structures make up the telencephalon?
cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia
64
what structures make up the forebrain
cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus
65
the _____brain is located at the posterior portion of the brain
hind
66
what structures make up the brainstem?
medulla, pons, midbrain (sup/inf colliculus + tectum), thalamus and pineal gland
67
what controls breathing, heart rate, vomiting, coughing, and other vital reflexes?
medulla (oblongata)
68
how does the medulla connect to the head/organs and control the vital reflexes?
through cranial nerves
69
a set of twelve nerves that carry
sensory and motor information to the head
cranial nerves
70
why are opiates dangerous?
the medulla is filled with opiate receptors and when they bind, activity is suppressed, like HR and RR
71
what brain structure lies on each side (anterior and ventral) of the medulla?
pons
72
what is the main function of the pons?
axons cross from one side of the brain to the other, so L hemi controls muscles on the right side, also contain nuclei for cranial nerves
73
what is the main role of the cerebellum?
organizes sensory information that guides movement, balance, and coordination, AND is responsible for shifting ATTENTION between auditory and visual stimuli, and learning and conditioning
74
what is one of the first structures to develop and the last to finish development?
cerebellum
75
what are ALL of the structures of the midbrain?
tectum, superior/inferior colliculus, tegmentum, substantia nigra
76
what is the roof of the midbrain?
tectum
77
what is the tectum made up of?
superior/inferior colliculus
78
what is the main role of the colliculi? (superior = ______ and inferior = _________)
process sensory information, vision, hearing
79
What structure contains nuclei for III and IV cranial nerves and part of the reticular formation?
tegmentum
80
what midbrain structure contains dopamine neurons and facilitates readiness for movement?
substantia nigra
81
what is most prominent (and anterior) part of the brain?
forebrain
82
each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex receives SENSORY info and controls the MOTOR movement of the _____________ side
contralateral
83
Part of the limbic system that is most central for evaluating emotional information, especially fear
amygdala
84
what is comprised of the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus,
amygdala, and cingulate gyrus of cerebral cortex?
limbic system
85
The __________ system is involved in motivational and emotional behaviors (e.g., eating, drinking, sexual activity, anxiety, and
aggression)
limbic
86
what is the relay station from sensory organs to the cerebral cortex?
thalamus
87
what is the exception to thalamus sensory processing?
olfaction (olfactory receptors --> olf bulbs --> cerebral cortex)
88
what is the main source of input for the cortex?
thalamus
89
the basal ganglia are a related cluster of cell bodies that are lateral to the __________
thalamus
90
women have a greater density of neurons in part of the _________ lobe
temporal
91
the _________ portion of the reticular formation controls the motor areas of the brain
ascending
92
what sends messages to the pituitary gland, altering its release of hormone?
hypothalamus
93
the ___________ is important for motivated behavior (e.g., eating, drinking, etc.) and temperature regulation
hypothalamus
94
Endocrine (hormone-producing) gland attached to the base of the
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
95
A group of subcortical structures including the caudate, putamen,
and globus pallidus
basal ganglia
96
Deterioration of the ________ ________ is prominent in Parkinson’s
disease and Huntington’s disease
basal ganglia
97
Structures in the dorsal surface of the forebrain
Basal Forebrain
98
what structure of the forebrain is associated with planning of motor movement, and with aspects of memory and emotional expression?
basal ganglia
99
basal ganglia are critical for ______ learning of skills and habits
gradual
100
basal forebrain is located on the _____ side of the brain
ventral
101
what part contains the nucleus basalis?
basal forebrain
102
the nucleus basalis receives input from the ___________ and basal ganglia
hypothalamus
103
the nucleus basalis sends axons that release ______ to the cerebral cortex
AcH
104
what is important in arousal, wakefulness, and attention?
nucleus basalis
105
people with Parkinson's/Alzheimers have impairments of attention and intellect because of inactivity in the _______ ______
nucleus basalis
106
what is the large structure that is located between the thalamus and cerebral cortex toward the POSTERIOR portion of the forebrain?
hippocampus
107
what structure is critical for certain types of memory (especially memories of individual events) AND monitoring where you are and where you are going?
hippocampus
108
what structure helps you monitor where you are and where you are going?
hippocampus
109
a clear fluid found in the brain and spinal cord
CSF
110
what are the main functions of CSF?
cushioning for brain, buoyancy, reservoir for hormones and nutrition for CNS
111
what does the choroid plexus do?
produce CSF
112
if CSF is obstructed: it accumulates in ventricles or space between brain and meninges, which leads to an _______ in pressure on the brain
increase
113
when CSF accumulates in infants it leads to _________
hydrocephalus
114
Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
meninges
115
meninges have ______ receptors
pain
116
_________ inflammation of the meninges is painful
meningitis
117
what causes migraine headaches?
swollen BVs in meninges
118
how are the 2 cerebral cortex halves connected?
joined by 2 bundles of axons: corpus callosum and anterior commissure
119
in the cortex: gray matter is on the _______ and white matter extends ________
outside, inward
120
the ___________ occupies a near constant 10-14% of the brain in ALL species
cerebellum
121
the cerebral cortex has up to 6 distinct _______ that are _______ to the surface of the cortex
laminae, parallel
122
the cortex has ______ that are perpendicular to the laminae
columns
123
cells within a laminae have similar __________ to one another
properties
124
laminae 1: __________ layer composed of mostly __________ and long ______; important for _______
molecular, dendrites, axons, learning
125
laminae 2: __________ ________ layer composed of small _______ cells
external granular, pyramidal
126
laminae 3: __________ layer composed of pyramidal cells
pyramidal cell
127
laminae 4: __________ __________ layer composed of small cells and is the main site for incoming _________ info
internal granular, sensory
128
laminae ___ is prominent if sensory axons but absent from the motor cortex
4
129
laminae 5: __________ __________layer composed of large pyramidal cells and is the main source of _______ output
inner pyramidal, motor
130
what laminae is THICKEST in the motor cortex?
5
131
laminae 6: __________ layer composed of ________ cells
multiform, spindle
132
The ___________ ______constitutes a higher percentage of the brain in primates (monkeys, apes, and humans) than in other species of comparable size.
cerebral cortex
133
Set of behaviors seen after temporal lobe damage. Previously, wild and aggressive monkeys failed to show normal fear or anxiety
Klüver-Bucy syndrome
134
Posterior (caudal) portion of the cerebral cortex; part of the visual
pathway system
occipital lobe
135
the most posterior region of the occipital lobe
Primary Visual Cortex (striate cortex)
136
Destruction of any part of the striate cortex causes __________ ___________
cortical blindness
137
eyes provide the _______ and the visual cortex provides the __________
stimulus, experience
138
Lies between the occipital lobe and the central sulcus
parietal lobe
139
one of the deepest grooves in the surface of the cortex
central sulcus
140
Lies posterior to the central
sulcus
postcentral gyrus
141
the primary target for touch sensations and information from muscle-stretch receptors and joint receptors.
Postcentral Gyrus
142
The _________ lobe monitors all the information about eye, head, and body positions and passes it on to brain areas that control movement
parietal
143
the __________ lobe is the primary target for auditory information
temporal
144
the temporal lobe (usually the left hemisphere) is involved in
comprehension of _________ language
spoken
145
The temporal lobe also contributes to complex aspects of _______, including perception of ___________ and recognition of _____
vision, movement, faces
146
the ________ lobe is essential for spatial and numerical information
parietal
147
postcentral gyrus has 4 bands of cells that are [parallel to the central sulcus: 2 bands receive _____ touch info, 1 receives ____-______ info and 1 receives a combo of both
light, deep-pressure
148
The area where the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe meet, close also to the occipital lobe, is the ___________ _________
temporoparietal junction
149
the _______ ________ receives input from vision, hearing and body senses
temporoparietal junction.
150
what is the function of the temporoparietal junction?
attention, body awareness, and social cognition
151
damage to the temporoparietal junction causes...
impaired ability to imagine how something would appear from someone else's perspective
152
responsible for the control of fine motor movement
precentral gyrus/primary motor cortex
153
what is the prefrontal cortex's main job?
the integration center for all sensory information and other
areas of the cortex
154
what is most anterior portion of the frontal lobe?
prefrontal cortex
155
Several areas in the prefrontal cortex and the temporoparietal junction have come to be known as the ______ _________
default network
156
areas that dominate activity when you don't need to concentrate on anything in particular
default networks
157
default networks increase in activity when you ________ , think of the past/future, and make sense of what other ppl have been doing/saying
daydream
158
what part of the brain is active when your brain replays recent experiences, which is important for storing memories?
default network
159
people who had a ________ ________ are left with
apathy, impulsiveness, lack of ability to plan, memory disorders, and lack
of emotional expression
160
when did prefrontal lobotomies gain popularity?
1940s-50s
161
322what is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?
higher functions (abstract thinking + planning) and working memory (ability to remember recent events/info)
162
damage to prefrontal cortex...
have a delayed-response task
163
what is the job of the posterior region of the prefrontal cortex?
movement
164
what is the job of the MIDDLE region of the prefrontal cortex?
cognitive control, emotional reactions, and memory
165
what is the job of the ANTERIOR region of the prefrontal cortex?
decision-making, evaluating the best course for the best outcome
166
what is the Human Connectome Project?
an effort to map all the long-distance connections,
167
The question of how the visual, auditory, and other areas of your brain influence one another to produce a combined perception of a single object
Binding Problem (or large-scale integration problem
168
________ occurs when you perceive two sensations coming from the same place at the same time
Binding
169
vision, touch, and hearing activate cortical areas that have only ______
connections
weak
170
which 2 drugs: Stimulate dopamine synapses by increasing the release of dopamine from the presynaptic terminal
amphetamine and cocaine
171
which drug: blocks the reuptake of dopamine but in a more gradual and more controlled rate (ADHD)
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
172
removal of a brain area
ablation
173
damage to a brain area for TINY structures below surface of brain, often done for research
lesion
174
_____ was the first to prove that different brain areas have specific functions (speech production)
Broca
175
The main categories of methods for studying brain
function are as follows:
1. Examine the effects of brain ____.
2. Examine the effects of _________ a brain area.
3. Record brain activity during ________.
4. Correlate brain _________ with behavior
damage, stimulating, behavior, anatomy
176
used to damage structures in the interior of the brain by placing electrodes
stereotaxic instrument
177
direct a mutation to a gene that regulates one type of cell, NT or receptor
gene-knockout approach
178
Application of an intense magnetic field to a portion of the scalp to
temporarily deactivate neurons below the magnet
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
179
TMS ________ neurons below the magnet if the stimulations are brief and mild
stimulates
180
TMS __________ neurons if the stimulation is stronger,leading to a "virtual lesion" that outlasts the magnetic stimulation
inactivates
181
what technique allows researchers to study behavior with a brain area active, then inactive, then active again?
TMS
182
a technique that allows researchers to turn on activity in
targeted neurons by a device that shines a laser within the brain
optogenetics
183
A limitation of ______ is that complex behaviors depend on temporal pattern of activity
in many areas.
optogenetics
184
optogenetics has 3 steps:
1. _____ that responds to light by producing an ELECTRICAL current
*______ protein= open Na+ channel
*inhibitory protein = open ____ channel
2. develop a ______ that inserts a protein into a certain (or one part) of a neuron
3. develop a very thin ______ fiber that shines just the right amount of light onto neurons in a narrow range
protein, excitatory, Cl-, virus, optical
185
records electrical activity produced by various brain regions by using electrodes that measure the average activity @ any moment for cells directly UNDER
Electroencephalograph (EEG):
186
what test helps distinguish between wakefulness, an various stages of sleep AND can diagnose epilepsy?
EEG
187
Brain stimulation should ________ some behaviors, just as brain damage impairs it.
increase
188
EEGs can record spontaneous
brain activity or activity in response to a stimulus called ________ __________
evoked potentials or
evoked responses
189
A device that measures faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity. with GREAT temporal resolution
magnetoencephalograph (MEG)
190
records emission of radioactivity
from injected radioactive chemicals to produce a high-resolution image
positron-emission tomography (PET)
191
radioactive chemicals with short half-lives are made in a ________ which is very expensive
cyclotron
192
PET scans inject ________ because when this increases it means that there is an increase in brain activity
glucose
193
PET: when a radioactive atom decays, it releases a positron that combines with an electron, producing 2 _______ rays that are released in opposite directions, the computer reads this
gamma
194
modified version of an MRI that uses oxygen consumption in the brain to provide a moving and
detailed picture
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI):
195
fMRIs need _________ in order to get accurate information
comparisons
196
fMRI uses ________ to measure O2
hemoglobin (Hb)
197
Hb+O2 reacts differently than just Hb, when the brain area is MORE active, it uses MORE _____, and the % of Hb+O2 ________
O2, decreases
198
process of relating skull anatomy to behavior
phrenology (Franz Gall)
199
inject dye into the blood and
a pass X-rays through the head, the scanner rotates slowly until a measurement has been taken at each angle and a computer constructs the image.
Computerized axial tomography (CAT scan)
200
applies a powerful magnetic field to
image the brain by aligning odd # atoms to align
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):
201
_____ and _____ are precise on TIMING, approx abt location, cells near surface
EEG and MEG
202
___ and ____ have precise LOCATION and approx time, time-consuming and $$$$
PET and fMRI
203
What structures make up the mesencephalon?
Tectum, tegementum, superior and inferior colliculus, substantia nigra (TITSSN)
