chapter 8 Flashcards
sleep (83 cards)
An animal that produced its behavior entirely in response to current stimuli would be at a serious disadvantage. Animals need to ___________ changes in the environment
anticipate
how birds know when to migrate
endogenous circannual rhythm.
endogenous circadian rhythms
that last about a ______
day
____________ areas of the cerebral cortex, activity correlates mainly with your circadian rhythm, and only secondarily with how long you have been awake
posterior
We have circadian rhythms in our hunger, thirst, _____ activity, _______ secretion, intestinal activity, DNA ______, and much else
liver, insulin, repair
We also have circadian rhythms in ______
mood
human body temperature as 37° C, our temperature fluctuates over the course of a day from a low near _____° C during the night to almost _____° C in late afternoon
36.7, 37.2
Most showed _________ in positive mood (happiness) from waking until late afternoon, and then a slight _________ until bedtime.
increases, decline
The stimulus that resets your circadian rhythm is referred to by the German term ___________, meaning “time-giver.”
zeitgeber
____ is by far the dominant zeitgeber for land animals
Light
the ________ are important zeitgeber for some marine animals
tides
other zeitgebers include exercise, __________, meals, and the _________ of the environment
arousal, temperature
Social stimuli are __________ as zeitgebers, unless they induce exercise or other vigorous activity
ineffective
if you are constantly exposed to ____ light, you will be not fully alert during wakeful periods or deeply asleep during rest periods
dim
if blind people can keep their rhythm in tune with the ______, they will be ok
clock
A disruption of circadian rhythms after crossing time zones is known ____ _____
jet lag
going west we phase- _____ our circadian rhythms
delay
going east we phase- _____ our circadian rhythms
advance
Adjusting to jet lag is stressful. Stress elevates ______ levels of the adrenal hormone ________ and prolonged elevation of cortisol damages ________ in the _________, an area important for ________
blood, cortisol, neurons, hippocampus, memory
______-wavelength (blu-ish) light resets the circadian rhythm more strongly than _____-wavelength light does
Short, long
The tendency to stay up later during __________ occurs in every culture that researchers have studied throughout the world, triggered by the increased levels of ___ _______
adolescence, sex hormones
being a morning person or a night owl depends on ___, genetics, and ___________ factors
age, environmental
After a society gains _______ ______, people stay awake later and get less sleep
electric lights
Curt Richter (1967) first demonstrated that the brain generates its own rhythms—a biological clock—and he found that the biological clock is ___________ to most forms of interference
insensitive
