Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Sociology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Empiricism

A

philosophy of science that emphasizes evidence from experiments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Critical Thinking

A

objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment by exercising information and media literacy and having the willingness to change opinions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Scientific Method def

A

systematic search that is built over time and re-tested, after it is proven is most likely real

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Qualitative

A

scientific method without numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Quantitative

A

uses numbers and data, often makes it possible to generalize about larger populations with random samples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Qualitative Research Methods

A

observation, ethnography, interviews

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Quantitative Research Methods

A

survey, experiment, existing data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ethics

A

deals with right and wrong, the choices people make and how they justify them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Research Ethics

A

balance of potential knowledge and potential harm, goal to increase knowledge and minimize/ eliminate harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the six issues sociologists consider to determine the research question/s merit and feasibility?

A

Do I already know the answer? Is my question researchable? Is my question clear? Does my question have a connection to social scientific scholarship? Does my question balance the general and specific? Do I care about the answer?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Three main factors that influences social research

A

theoretical tradition, values and morals, and ethics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Values

A

the belief systems that shape sociologists own views and perspectives on the world they study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Theoretical Traditions

A

a conceptual framework that sociologists use to make sense of the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Code of Ethics

A

a set of guidelines that outline what is considered moral and acceptable behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Informed Consent

A

voluntary participation of someone in a research project or medical treatment based on the participant/patient having a full understanding of possible risks and benefits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Institutional Review Boards

A

organizations that operate at most universities to uphold ethical standards of research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Operationalize

A

specify the operations and techniques that will be used to examine the concepts that are the focus of the study - how they answer who, what, when where, how, also when they decide how to measure variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Researchers seek to separate…

A

independent and dependent variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Independent Variable

A

things they think influence or cause a particular outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the outcome from the independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Scientific Method Steps

A

formulate a research hypothesis, predict the relationship between independent and dependent variables, find existing data or collect new data, analyze data, draw conclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mixed-Method Research

A

combines numerical and observational evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Survey

A

type of interview that is a questionnaire that asks standardized questions of representative groups of people, mostly close-ended questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

General Social Survey

A

created by sociologists every year since 1972 that asks about individual’s backgrounds and other topics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Panel Study of Income Dynamics
conducted every other year since 168 that re-interviews members of several thousand families and their kids about stuff like employment, income, wealth, expenditures, health, marriage, childbearing, and child development
26
American National Election Study
every other year survey of political attitudes and voting conducted in every national election year since 1948
27
Margin of Error
when sampling a population, there is always random error depending on sample size - inverse relationship
28
Downsides of Surveys
expensive and time-consuming
29
In-Depth Interview
extended conversations with a much smaller amount of respondents
30
Pro of in-depth interviews
capable of getting detailed answers like how people act and why with context
31
Two Types of in-depth interviews
semi-structured and open-ended
32
Semi-Structured Interviews
questions follow a systematic order and are prepared ahead of time
33
Open-Ended Interviews
looser format of questions that allow subjects to tell their story
34
Ethnography
qualitative research method for studying the way of life of a group of people by close observation over long period of time
35
Pro of Ethnography
gives thick descriptions
35
Con of Ethnography
hard to generalize or apply to broader ideas
35
Thick Descriptions
detailed descriptions of the ways they make sense of their lives, from the perspective of the people themselves
36
Phases of Extended Case Method
theoretical claim, research question, ethnographic observation, revision to theory
37
Field Experiments
apply methods of experimental design within a naturally occurring social context, using treatment and control groups
38
pro of field experiments
can be developed and conducted by anyone
39
cons of field experiments
involve minor deceptions and sometimes can't be generalized
40
good sample=
representative of whole population it is trying to represent
41
Representative Sample
each member of a population has an equal likelihood of being contacted
42
Random Sampling
each subject is selected entirely by random
43
Weighting
attempting to make sure that the characteristics of their sample reflect those of the population by giving underrepresented individuals a slightly higher weight
44
Access
the ability or right to approach, enter, exit, communicate with, or make use of research sites and materials
45
Reliability
the extent to which the same measurement technique in additional studies would end up producing similar results
46
Validity
whether the measurement a researcher is using is actually accurate
47
Causality
when change is one variable is a direct cause of change in another variable
48
Correlation
relationship between two variables
49
Empirical Generalizability
conclusions can be applied beyond its immediate context
50
Theoretical Generalizability
results of a study relate to broader theoretical puzzles
51
Causal Inference
statement about cause and effect, that a change in one variable is the cause of the change in another variable
52
Spurious Relationship
when two factors seem to be correlated but are both caused by a third factor
53
Cross-Sectional Data
all data is collected at one time
54
Longitudinal Data
collected over a long period of time
55
Big Data Volume
quantity is too great to collect, store, manipulate and analyze using traditional computer and statistical methods
56
Big Data Velocity
generated continuously as people use information and communication technologies
57
Big Data Variety
comes in many formats and structures
58
Metadata
data about data
59
Computational Social Science
new subfield that combines big data with algorithmic methods to answer social scientific questions
60
Algorithm
set of rules used in the decision-making process
61
Text-As-Data
possibility that texts can be analyzed as systematically as other kinds of data
62
Data Coding
organizing data according to key categories and concepts

Sociology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions