Chapter 3

Question 1

What are 3 characteristics of alkanes?

Answer 1

have single bonds, are sp^3 carbons, ring is a cycloalkane with single bonds

Question 2

what are 3 characteristics of alkenes?

Answer 2

have a double bond, are sp^2 carbons and ring is a cycloalkene with a double ring in the ring

Question 3

what are two characteristics of a alkyne?

Answer 3

have a triple bond, have sp carbons

Question 4

what is an arene?

Answer 4

(aromatic) contains a benzene ring

Question 5

what are 4 hydrocarbons?

Answer 5

1. alkane
2. alkene
3. alkyne
4. arene

Question 6

what is a haloalkane?

Answer 6

also called an alkyl halide, is a substitution of halogen (F, Cl, Br, I) for hydrogen

Question 7

Alcohol structure?

Answer 7

alcohol: R-OH

Question 8

Ether Structure?

Answer 8

R-O-R’

Question 9

Amine Structures?

Answer 9

RNH2, RNHR’, R3N

Question 10

Nitrile Structure?

Answer 10

RCN

Question 11

Thiol structure?

Answer 11

R-SH

Question 12

Thioether structure?

Answer 12

R-S-R’

Question 13

Aldehyde structure?

Answer 13

RCHO, double bonded oxygen

Question 14

Ketone Structure?

Answer 14

RCOR’, double bonded oxygen

Question 15

Carboxylic acid structure?

Answer 15

RCOOH

Question 16

Ester structure?

Answer 16

RCOOR’

Question 17

Amide structures?

Answer 17

RCONH2, RCONR’H, RCONR’R”

Question 18

What is an Isomer?

Answer 18

same molecular formula, but different arrangement of atoms

Question 19

What are the types of isomers?

Answer 19

constitutional (structure)
stereoisomers

Question 20

What is a constitutional isomer? Example?

Answer 20

an isomer whose atoms are CONNECTED differently? example is butane and isobutane

Question 21

first 5 alkane names and their number of carbons?

Answer 21

methane(1), ethane(2). propane(3), butane(4), pentane(5)

Question 22

what is an alkyl group?

Answer 22

partial structure after removing a hydrogen derived from alkanes(ends in yl) and contains squiggly line to separate partial structure from rest of structure

Question 23

IUPAC names for alkanes(4)?

Answer 23

1. find longest continuous carbon chain
2. number the carbons, starting closest to first branch
3. name the groups attached to the chain, using the carbon number as the locator
4. alphabetize substituents

Question 24

how to name carbon that has two different chains of equal length present?

Answer 24

choose the one with the larger number of branch points as the longest chain used in naming

Question 25

how to name alkane that is a saturated hydrocarbon chain?

Answer 25

take of the "ane" and add "yl"

Question 26

how to name alkane with multiple of same substituent?

Answer 26

use di-, tri-, etc.,

Question 27

how to name alkyl groups that are C4?

Answer 27

name refers to the number of other carbon atoms attached to the branching carbon atom

Question 28

explain in terms of naming alkyl groups what primary, secondary , tertiary and quaternary

Answer 28

primary carbon is bonded to one other carbon atom, secondary carbon is bonded to two other carbons, etc

Question 29

how to name a compound with a branched substituent?

Answer 29

name the branched subsituent itself, putting it in parenthesis after the carbon number it branches off from

Question 30

branched alkyl substituent: isopropyl

Answer 30

after point of attachment, contains one branch that branches into 2(contains 3 carbons after point of attachment which is why its propyl)

Question 31

branched alkyl substituent: isobutyl

Answer 31

after point of attachment, contains one branch connected one branch thats's connected to two branches(contains 4 carbons after the point of attachment which is why it's called butyl)

Question 32

branched alkyl subsituents: t-butyl

Answer 32

contains one branch that is connected to 3 other equal branches(called butyl because has 4 carbons after point of attachment)

Question 33

branched alkyl substituents: neopentyl

Answer 33

contains one branch connected to another branch that is connected to 3 other equal branches(called pentyl because has 5 carbons after point of attachment)

Question 34

what is a ethane conformer of alkanes?

Answer 34

structures resulting from the free rotation of a C-C single bond, newman projections

Question 35

which ethane conformation has the higher energy?

Answer 35

eclipsed has highest energy and staggered conformer has lowest energy

Question 36

what do eclipsed and staggered ethane conformations look like?

Answer 36

eclipsed has the front and back of newman projection right next to each other/ on top of each other staggered has the newman projection equi-distance from each other

Question 37

what is torsional strain?

Answer 37

when ethane is in the eclipsed conformation, it is less stable due to torsional

Question 38

what conformer of butane has the highest energy?

Answer 38

highest energy has the METHYL groups totally eclipsed

Question 39

what butane conformer has the lowest energy?

Answer 39

lowest energy has METHYL groups ANTI(two methyl groups are as far apart from each other as possible)

Question 40

what conformation of butane has 2CH3-H interactions and one H-H interaction?

Answer 40

the eclipsed conformation

Question 41

What is the gauche conformation?

Answer 41

butane conformation where the energy minimum(not as low as anti conformation) is reached at the staggered conformation where the methyl groups are 60 degrees apart(not right nixt to each other)