Chapter 6

Question 1

What is an addition reaction?

Answer 1

occur when two reactants add together to form a single product

Question 2

What is an elimination reaction?

Answer 2

occur when a single reactant splits into two products, often with the formation of water or HBr

Question 3

What is a substitution reaction?

Answer 3

when two reactants exchange parts to give TWO new products

Question 4

What is a rearrangement reaction?

Answer 4

when a single reactant undergoes a reorganization of bonds and atoms to yield an isomeric product

Question 5

What is a polar reaction?

Answer 5

process that involves unsymmetrical bond-breaking and bond-making

Question 6

What is an electrophile vs nucleophile?

Answer 6

electrophile is electron-poor(accepts) and nucleophile is electron-rich(donates)

Question 7

what is the charge of nucleophiles and electrophiles?

Answer 7

nucleophiles can either by neutral or negative and electrophiles can either by neutral or positive

Question 8

What occurs in an electrophilic addition reaction?

Answer 8

two steps occur:
1. nucleophilic double bond attacks H on electrophile forming a new C-H bond. simultaneously, two electrons from the H-Br bond move onto Br, leaving a Br- anion
2. Br- ion donates an electron pair to the positively charged carbon atom, forming a C-Br bond and yielding a neutral addition product

Question 9

What is a carbocation?

Answer 9

positively charged species that is an formed in a second step as a electrophile intermediate that accepts an electron pair from the nucleophile

Question 10

4 Rules of curved arrows in polar reaction mechanism?

Answer 10

1. electrons move FROM nucleophilic source TO an electrophilic source
2. the nucleophile can be either negatively charged or neutral
3. the electrophile can be either positively charged or neutral
4. the octet rule must be followed

Question 11

what must the nucleophilic source have available in a polar reaction mechanism?

Answer 11

an electron pair on a mutliple bond available

Question 12

What is a radical?

Answer 12

highly reactive due to it containing an atom with an odd number of electrons(usually 7)

Question 13

what does the value of the Keq equilibirum tell us?

Answer 13

tells us which side of the teaction arrow is energetically favored
-if greater than 1, the product concentration is much larger than the reaction concentration
-if near 1, then near equal amounts of both reactant and product are present at equilibrium.
-if less tham 1, the reaction does not take place as written, and instead occurs in the reverse reaction