Chapter 3 Flashcards
(15 cards)
What is the importance of organic compounds?
Organic compounds are of immense importance to both life and human society, serving as the foundation for a wide array of biological, industrial, and environmental processes. In biology, organic compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are the fundamental building blocks of life. They form the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs, and are essential for energy storage and metabolism. In society, they are needed for the production of plastics, synthetic fibres, paints, glues, flavours, drugs, dyes and soaps etc.
What are organic compounds?
Hydrocarbons and their derivatives are known as organic compounds. Carbon is an essential constituent for it, in combination with H,O,N,S,P, halogens, and sometimes, metal ions.
What is meant by a functional group?
A functional group refers to a specific group of atoms or a collection of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the molecule’s characteristic chemical reactions and properties. Functional groups determine how a particular molecule behaves in a chemical reaction, and they play a key role in defining the molecule’s identity and function.
Define isomerism.
Compounds with the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms in their molecules are known as isomers. This phenomenon is called isomerism. An example being C4H10, n-butane and iso-butane.
List general properties of organic compounds (long ans).
organic occurence, covalent nature, composition, low melting and boiling points, Non-polar ocs are soluble in organic solutions like benzene and either whereas polar ocs are soluble in alcohols, slow reaction rates due to their unstable nature and covalent bonding.
What is a homologous series?
A series of related compounds in which any two molecules differ by the
-CH2- group is called a homologous series.
Define the Characteristics or the nature of carbon (long ans)
Can infinitely bond with itself, eating a large number of molecules in all shapes and sizes. As the number of carbon atoms increases in an organic compound, the number of its possible isomers also increases.
It can also form multiple bonds with itself, which further increases the number of organic compounds. This is why over 95% of all known chemical compounds are of carbon. New ones are being discovered each day.
What is a condensed and structural formula?
A structural formula describes the arrangement of atoms in a molecule. i.e, ethanol and dimethy ether.
A condensed structural formula describes the same with established abbreviations instead, i.e, ch3ch3 for butane, ch3ch2ch3 for propane. Their simple molecular formulas are c2h6 and c3h8, respectively. In condensed formulas, we list the main chain atoms as the appear.
What are saturated hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons whose carbon-carbon bonds are all singular are saturated hydrocarbons. They are also known as alkanes, in which every carbon can bond to four atoms. Methane is the simplest alkane, followed by ethane, propane, butane etc. The general formula of alkanes is CnH2n=2, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
What are unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon multiple bonds are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. i.e, ethene and ethyne.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons can be further divided into Alkenes and Alkynes.
Those unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bonded carbon-carbon molecule are alkenes, which have a general formula of H2SO4 (ethene). Those with at least one triple bonded carbon-carbon bonds are known as alkynes. They have a general formula of CnH2n-2, for example, ethyne.
What are some sources of organic compounds? (long ans)
Coal (contains methane , hydrogen, and carbon monoxide) when burned, its residue is called pitch and is used to metal roads in roads and roof.
Petroleum contains a wide variety of alkanes, including those with long chains. Separates into fractions upon fractional distillation.
Natural gas is a mixture of low boiling hydrocarbons, mostly methane with smaller amounts of ethane, propane and butane.
Proteins, lipids, fats, and vitamins are organic compounds within living organisms.
They can also be synthesized in laboratories to be used in paint, medicine cosmetics etc.
List some uses of organic compounds (long ans)
Natural gas is used as a fuel.
Propane and butane is widely used as liquid fuel.
Ethylene is a starting ingredient for the chemical manufacturing of substances like plastic and antifreeze.
Acetylene is widely used in oxy-acetylene welding and cutting. Also used in the prep of polymers like PVC and nylon.
Acetylene is used in the artificial ripening of fruits.
Phenol compounds are used to ensure antiseptic conditions in hospitals.
Methanol is used as a fat, oil, and paint solvent.
What is an alkyl radical?
An alkyle radical is obtaine by removing one hydrogen atom from an alkane, and are represented by the symbol R. i.e, CH4 (methane) into CH3 - (methyl) and CH3CH3 (ethane) into CH3CH2 - (ethyl)
What is a homocylic or carbocyclic compounds?
Cyclic compounds which contain rings of carbon atoms. Those cylic compounds which contain one or more atoms other than carbon atoms are heterocyclic compounds, e.g, (page 58)
What is a Haloalkane?
Haloalkanes are characterized by the presence of an halogen atom, and is a compund in which one hydrogen atom is substituted for one halogen.
