Chapter 3

Question 1

atrophy

Answer 1

cell size gets smaller, resulting in a decreased tissue mass

Question 2

hypertrophy

Answer 2

cell size gets bigger, resulting in enlarged tissue mass (lifting weights)

Question 3

hyperplasia

Answer 3

increase in number of cells resulting in enlarged tissue mass

Question 4

metaplasia

Answer 4

when one cells is under stressful condition it can adapt to a different cell to deal with that stress

Question 5

dysplasia

Answer 5

cells begin to vary in shape and size, develop large nuclei, and increase the rate of mitosis - pre cancerous state

Question 6

anaplasia

Answer 6

associated with cancer. cells are undifferentiated, have variable nuclei, cell structure, and mitotic figures

Question 7

neoplasm

Answer 7

• tumor or new growth
• may be benign or malignant
• characteristics of each tumor depend on the specific type of cell from which the tumor arises, resulting in a unique appearance and growth pattern

Question 8

stressed cells may fill up with:

Answer 8

• normal body substances
• abnormal endogenous substances produced by inborn errors or metabolism
• abnormal exogenous substances

Question 9

normal body substances

Answer 9

• lipids
• proteins
• pigments

Question 10

Abnormal endogenous

Answer 10

• made because person is missing an enzyme - dangerous to the body

Question 11

abnormal exogenous substances

Answer 11

environmental agents and pigments that cannot be broken down by the cell

Question 12

Dystrophic calcification

Answer 12

• normal calcium levels
• microscopic deposits of calcium salts in injured tissue
• components of the calcium deposits come from dead or dying cells

Question 13

examples of dystrophic calcification

Answer 13

• advanced artherosclerosis
• damage heart valves
• TB lesions

Question 14

metastatic calcification

Answer 14

• high calcium levels
• can be deposited in any soft tissue

Question 15

examples of metastatic calcification

Answer 15

• hyperparathyroidism in renal faulure
• bone destruction

Question 16

what are the causes of cell injury

Answer 16

• physical
• radiation
• chemical
• biologic agents
• nutritional imbalances

Question 17

physical

Answer 17

• trauma
• heat and cold
• electricity

Question 18

radiation

Answer 18

• ionizing
• unltraviolet
• nonionizing

Question 19

chemical

Answer 19

• drugs
• lead
• mercury

Question 20

biologic agents

Answer 20

• bacteria
• viruses
• parasites

Question 21

nutritional imbalances

Answer 21

• fats
• mineral
• vitamin
• amino acids

Question 22

necrosis

Answer 22

localized tissue death in an organ or or tissue in response to disease or injury and is still part of a living person

Question 23

apoptosis

Answer 23

• programmed cell death

Question 24

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 24

• necrotic area soft, filled with fluid
• tissue digestion: part of the brain dies and a hole is left
• bacterial infection
• brain

Question 25

coagulative necrosis

Answer 25

- cells that die are replaced with connective tissue - organs lose function but the shape of structure is maintained - characteristic of infarcts on all organs except brain

Question 26

gangrene

Answer 26

when a considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis, typically coagulative necrosis that results from ischemia

Question 27

what are the three different types of gangrene

Answer 27

- dry gangrene - wet gangrene - gas gangrene

Question 28

dry gangrene

Answer 28

lack of arterial blood supply but venous flow can carry fluid out of tissue - spreads slowly - clear demarcation between normal tissue and gangrenous tissue - confined to the extremities - dry, shrinks/wrinkles, black

Question 29

Wet gangrene

Answer 29

lack of venous flow, lets fluid accumulate in tissue - area is cold, swollen, pulse-less, moist, black - blebs form, foul odor from bacteria - no clear sign of demarcation - spread rapidly - affects internal organs or extremities

Question 30

gas gangrene

Answer 30

- most dangerous - bacterial infection that produces gas in tissue - caused by clostridium - toxins produced cause muscle death, spreading of edema, hemolysis, renal failure

Question 31

who is most at risk of developing gangrene

Answer 31

- diabetes - atherosclerosis - peripheral arterial disease - raynaurds - serious injury (car acc) - -weakened immune system