Chapter 6

Question 1

what are the two types of neoplasm

Answer 1

• benign
• malignant

Question 2

benign

Answer 2

• well differentiated
• cells look and act like the cells in the normal tissue

Question 3

malignant

Answer 3

• less differentiated
• cells look less like cells in the normal tissue

Question 4

how to name benign tumors

Answer 4

Tissue name + oma

Question 5

how to name malignant tumors

Answer 5

• Epithelial tissue: tissue name + “carcinoma”
• Granular tissue: tissue + “adenocarcinoma”
• mesenchymal/connective tissue: tissue name + “sarcoma”

Question 6

characteristics of benign tumors

Answer 6

• May perform the normal function of the tissue
• Grow slowly
• Surrounded by a fibrous capsule
• Do not infiltrate, invade, or metastasize
• Can damage nearby organs by compressing them

Question 7

characteristics of malignant tumors

Answer 7

• Do not perform normal functions of the tissue
• Grow rapidly
• Do not have a capsule
• Infiltrate, invade, and metastasis
• Can compress and destroy surrounding tissue

Question 8

what are the two ways malignant tumors spreads

Answer 8

• invasion
• metastasis

Question 9

invasion

Answer 9

direct spreading to surrounding tissue; this makes surgical removal of the tumor more difficult, remove normal tissue during surgery, clean margins

Question 10

metastasis

Answer 10

cells in a primary tumor develop the ability to escape, travel and survive in the blood/lymph, exit the blood/lymph, and develop a secondary tumor

Question 11

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 11

• code for normal cell division proteins

Question 12

oncogenes

Answer 12

Increased, activated, or they are activated

Question 13

Tumor suppressor genes

Answer 13

• inhibit cell division
• Mutations inhibit or decrease
• Rb: retinoblastoma
• BRCA 1: breast cancer
• BRCA 2: breast and ovarion cancer

Question 14

what are the stages of carcinogenesis

Answer 14

• initiation
• promotion
• progression

Question 15

initiation

Answer 15

initial mutation occurs

Question 16

promotion

Answer 16

mutated cells are stimulated to divide in an unregulated manner

Question 17

progression

Answer 17

cells acquire malignant appearance. tumor cells compete with one another and develop more mutations, which make them more aggressive – appearance of the tumor

Question 18

what are paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 18

They occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues in response to the presence of a tumor

Question 19

tumor markers

Answer 19

enzymes, antigens, hormones used for screening, for diagnosis, establishing prognosis, monitoring treatment and for detecting relapse

Question 20

grading

Answer 20

microscopic examination of differentiation and number of mitosis
- I = well differentiated; IV = poorly differentiated
- grading is related to prognosis/efficacy of treatment

Question 21

staging

Answer 21

related to the clinical spread of the cancer – treatment/prognosis

Question 22

TNM of grading

Answer 22

• T1-4 size of tumor
• N0-3 = lymph node involvement
• M0-1 = metastasis

Question 23

Breast cancer stage 1

Answer 23

T1 - 2 cm or less
N0 - no lymph node
M) - no metastasis

Question 24

breast cancer stage 2

Answer 24

T2 - between 2-5cm
N1 - lymph node involvement (1-3 under arm)
M0 - no metastasis

Question 25

breast cancer stage 3

Answer 25

T3 - larger than 5cm N1 - N2: lymph node involvement (3-9 under arm) M0 - no metastasis

Question 26

breast cancer stage 4

Answer 26

T4 - tumor any size but fixed to chest wall N3 - greater than 10 lymph node M1 - metastasis to distant organ

Question 27

chemotherapy

Answer 27

A type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells

Question 28

What are some complication of chemotherapy

Answer 28

- Bone marrow depression - Nausea/vomiting - Anorexia - Hair loss - Breakdown of skin - mutagenic/carcinogenic - Teratogenic - Changes in menstrual cycle - Cellular resitance