Chapter 9a Flashcards
inflammation
normal body defense mechanism which attempts to localize and remove injurious agent
inflammation responses to cell inury
- neutralizes harmful agents
- removes damaged and dead tissue
- generates new tissue
- promotes healing
localized signs of inflammation
- swelling
- redness
- pain
- heat/warmth
- loss of function
what are the two stages of acute inflammation
- vascular
- cellular
what is part of the vascular stage
- vasodilation
- capillaries become more permeable
vasodilation
- increasing blood flow to the injured area
- redness and warmth
what is the mediator for vasodilation of the vascular stage
- histamine
- nitric oxide
capillaries become more permeable
- allowing exudate to escape into the tissues
- swelling, pain, and impaired function result
mediator for capillaries becoming more permeable
histamine
cellular stage
- white blood cells enter the injured tissue:
- destroying infective organisms
- removing damaged cells
- releasing more inflammatory mediators to control further inflammation and healing
what are the mediators for cellular stage
- kinins
- histamine
- serotonin
cell derived mediators
- histamine
- nitric oxide
what are the different types of exudate
- serous
- fibrinous
- purulent
- bloody/hemorrhagic
- membranous
serous exudate
mostly water
fibrinous exudate
thick and sticky with a lot of fibrin and cell content
purulent exudate
thick, yellow green, pus
hemorrhagic exudate
if blood vessels are damaged - red
membranous exudate
necrotic cells with fibropurulent exudate
chronic inflammation
- result from recurrent or progressive acute inflammatory process or from low grade response that failed to evoke an acute response
- last for weeks, months, years
causes of chronic inflammation
- silica
- viruses
- bacteria
- fungi
- obesity
systemic response to inflammation
- leukocytes release chemicals that cause fever and lethargy
- leukocytosis (increased WBC)
- increased ESR
- cellular enzymes appear in circulation
purpose of a fever
- slow down the replication of the pathogens.
- Pyrogens (fever producing cytokines) can be released by macrophages, invading bacteria or damaged cells.
- Pyrogens circulate in the blood and raise the hypothalamaus to reset the bodys temp - This is an attmept to kill pathogens in the system
Bodies response that causes the increase in body temperature:
- Vasoconstriction
- Shivering
- Increase BMR
- Curl up body
Bodies response that increased heat loss:
- Vasodilation
- Sweating
- Lethargy
- Extend body
