chapter 3 Flashcards
(44 cards)
1
Q
smoking -CD
A
- Reduces amount of oxygen in the blood = increased blood pressure and heart rate
- Speed up atherosclerosis - the build-up of plaque on blood vessel walls = harder for blood to get through
- Increased heart attack and stroke = higher mortality rate
- Thickens blood increases blood clots that could be in the heart of brain - death
2
Q
smoking - cancer
A
toxic chemicals - Fault in body cells as they divide = tumor and cancer
3
Q
smoking - prenatal/infant health outcomes
A
- Reduces blood flow in the body = reduces nutrients available for optimal development & growth.
- Increased risk of low birth weight and underdeveloped immune system
- More likely to suffer premature death
4
Q
smoking - asthma
A
- Increases risk of developing asthma
- Causes muscles in the airways to tighten - airways narrow making it difficult to breath.
- Increases risk of suffering asthma attacks
- Symptoms harder to control = impacting health status
5
Q
chronic pulmonary disease - smoking
A
Damages airways by causing inflammation which destroys air sacs in the lungs. This is where gas exchange occurs
6
Q
smoking - back pain
A
- Significant morbidity in Au
- Reduces blood flow to cells in the spine = discs that provide protection to the vertebrae experience lower access to nutrients and oxygen. This contributes to degradation and the associated pain.
7
Q
smoking - infectious disease
A
- Lower immune function and increased risk of contracting infectious diseases (respiratory tract infections etc.)
- Children exposed to smoke can be especially susceptible to infections = morbidity rate and YLD
8
Q
alcohol - overweight and obesity
A
- Alcohol contains energy = increase chances of an individual gaining weight
- Obesity = type 2 diabetes, CD and cancer
9
Q
alcohol - cancer
A
When alcohol is metabolized, a chemical is created that damages DNA = leading to the growth of cancerous tumors
10
Q
alcohol - liver disease
A
- Alcohol is filtered through the liver = cause inflammation and scarring
- Chronic liver disease
11
Q
alcohol - injuries
A
- Strain relationships *Depression
- Self-harm and suicide
- Taking risks
- Aggression - violence
Judgment and motor control = falls & road accidents
12
Q
prenatal/infant outcomes - alcohol
A
- Increase risks of premature birth
- Low birthweight
- Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
13
Q
CD - overweight and obesity
A
- Greater strain on the heart = increase risk of hypertension (high blood pressure), heart attack and stroke
- Elevated cholesterol levels = increases rates of atherosclerosis & CD
14
Q
overweight and obesity - cancer
A
- Relationship b/w overweight and rates of some cancers such as colorectal and breast cancer
- Fat cells send signals out to the rest of the body = inflammation
- Higher rate of cell division = abnormal or cancerous cells
15
Q
overweight and obesity - kidney disease
A
Increase blood pressure and type 2 diabetes
16
Q
overweight and obesity - type 2 d
A
- In 2D - pancreas does not produce enough insulin (insulin resistance)
- Greater risk of developing
- Fat cells = lead to insulin resistance
17
Q
osteoarthritis - overweight and obesity
A
- More pressure on joint = osteoarthritis
- Cartilage wearing down
- Pain and limited mobility
- Degenerative disease
- Reduces functioning - write, walk or stand
18
Q
back pain - overweight and obesity
A
Excessive body weight = extra strain on the spine and muscles in the back = pain
19
Q
asthma - overweight and obesity
A
Children with excessive weight = greater risk of developing asthma
20
Q
mental health issues
A
- Contribute to anxiety and depression
- Morbidity and YLD - younger people
21
Q
health status
overweight and obesity - CD
A
- Overweight and obesity → greater strain on heart → increases risk of Hypertension → heart attack or stroke
- Overweight and obesity → cholesterol is elevated → increases the rate of atherosclerosis and risk of CD
22
Q
health status
obesity - cancer
A
Fat cells signal to the rest of the body → lead to inflammation and higher levels of growth hormone being released → higher rate of cell division → increases risk of new abnormal cell being cancerous
23
Q
health status
obesity - kidney disease
A
Overweight and obesity → increase risk of high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes → increases risk of developing kidney disease
24
Q
health status
obesity - T2D
A
Fat cells release fatty acids into the bloodstream → leads to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
25
# health status
osteoarthritis - obesity
Overweight and obesity → more pressure on joint → contributes to osteoarthritis (cartilage being worn down)
→ causes pain and limited mobility
26
# health status
obesity - back pain
Excessive weight → places extra strain on the spine and muscles in the back → significant levels of back pain
27
low intake of fiber - overweight and obesity
* Low intake of fiber → more glucose absorbed in the body → increases risk of overweight and obesity
* Fiber promotes feelings of fullness (satiety), reduces overeating, which limits the risk of promoting excessive weight gain.
28
low intake of fiber - colorectal cancer
* Fiber adds bulk to feces and assists in cleaning the digestive system → reduces the risk of abnormal cells develop in colon and rectum
* Increased morbidity and mortality from colorectal cancer, like bowel cancer
29
# low intake of fiber
CD
* Soluble fiber attaches to particles of LDL cholesterol → soluble fiber decreases levels of cholesterol in the body → decrease the rate of cholesterol absorption → decrease risk of CD
30
# low intake of fiber
type 2 diabetes
* Fiber reduces the absorption of glucose which assists the pancreas in protecting the body = reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes
* Low intake of insoluble fiber → higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes
31
# under-consumption of fruit and vegetables
overweight and obesity
* Consuming F&V instead of energy dense foods → weight management → reduce risk of overweight and obesity
* F&V are a rich source of fiber → assists in reducing risk of weight gain etc.
32
# under-consumption of F&V
CD
* Antioxidants sourced from F&V reduce the impact of free radicals in the body → eliminating molecules that damage body cells → reducing the risk of developing CD and cancer
* fiber souced from F&V → excretes LDL cholesterol → reduced impacts of atheroclerosis = underconsumption - increased incidense of heart attack/stroke
33
# under-consumption of F&V
neural tube defects
* folate from F&V → vital in optimal development of the brain and spinal cord (prenatal stage)
* under-consumption → increases neural tube defects (spina bifida) → lack of folate = mortality and morbidity of infants
34
# underconsumption of dairy
osteoporosis
* Reduced/lack of intake of calcium → bones weaken due to lack of calcium → making the bones porous and susceptible to fracture → increased risk of developing osteoporosis
35
# underconsumption dairy foods
CD
Under consumption of dairy → increases risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension and stroke
36
# under-consumption dairy
dental caries
Calcium plays a significant role in hardening tooth canal → under consumption → teeth are weaker → increase risk of dental caries
37
# high intake of fat
overweight and obesity
excessive intake of fats (sat) → increases fat stores in the body → increases risk of excessive weight gain → obesity and overweght
38
# high intake of fat
osteoarthritis
excessive intake of sat. fats → increase fat stores in body → increased strain/pressure on joints due to carrying excessive weight → increased risk of osteoarthritis - decreased HALE
39
# high intake of fat
CD
high intake of sat./trans fat → impats cholesterol levels - increased LDL → increased plaque build in arteries → places strain on heart due to icnreased work rate → hypertention → causes increased risk of devleoping heart disease
40
# high intake of fat
type 2 diabetes
high sat/trans fat intake → change composition of cell membranes → interefered glucose transportatin → increasing impaired glucose regulation → type 2 diabetes
41
# high intake of salt
CD
high intake of salt → draws fluid out of the blood = thicker → higher workrate → increased hypertension → CD
42
# high intake of salt
osteoporosis
high intake of sodium (found in salt) → calcium is removed and extreted in urine when filtered through kidney → demineralisation of bones → osteoporosis
43
# high intake of sugar
obesity/CD
high intake of sugar (due to it being a simple carb = not filling) → excessive sugar stored in fat stores overtime → excessive weight gain = obesity → more pressure on heart → hypertenion → CS/T2D
44
# high intake of sugar
dental caries
high intake of sugar → provide source of bacteria in the mouth = produces acids → damages the gums → high risk of dental caries
