Chapter 3

Question 1

How is energy obtained in humans?

Answer 1

By breaking down organic macromolecules such as carbohydrates, sugars, fats, and protein.

Question 2

Formed by living organisms and consist of a carbon based core with special groups attached.

Answer 2

Organic molecules

Question 3

What are the four major types of biological macromolecules?

Answer 3

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Question 4

The body’s macromolecules are assembled by sticking smaller bits together called _____

Answer 4

Monomers

Question 5

A molecule built up of long chains of similar subunits is called a

Answer 5

Polymer

Question 6

A Hydroxyl (OH) group is removed from one subunit of a polymer and a hydrogen (H) group is removed from the other subunit, linking the subunits together and forming a water molecule as a by product.

Answer 6

Dehydration reaction

Question 7

A protein capable of speeding up specific chemical reactions by lowering the energy required to activate or start the reaction but that remains unaltered in the process

Answer 7

Enzyme

Question 8

The dehydration reaction requires the help of a special class of proteins called _____ to facilitate the positioning of the molecules so that the correct chemical bonds are stressed and broken.

Answer 8

Enzymes

Question 9

When a water molecule comes in, a hydrogen becomes attached to one subunit and a hydroxyl to another, and the covalent bond is broken. The breaking up of polymers is called a _______

Answer 9

Hydrolysis

Question 10

When a water molecule is eliminated, and biological molecules are formed by linking subunits the covalent bond is formed during ______

Answer 10

Dehydration synthesis

Question 11

The addition of a water molecule, breaking the covalent bond is called ______

Answer 11

Hydrolysis

Question 12

Macromolecules like proteins are inorganic molecules (True, or False)

Answer 12

False

Question 13

Macromolecules are built from individual single subunits called ______

Answer 13

Monomers

Question 14

Organic molecules, such as proteins and carbohydrates, consists of a _____-based core with special groups attached

Answer 14

Carbon

Question 15

What are all four principal functional groups?

Answer 15

Carbonyl
Amino acids
Carboxyl
Phosphate

Question 16

Are macromolecules organic

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

What are the four main types of macromolecules found in organisms

Answer 17

Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates

Question 18

A major group of biological macromolecules within the bodies of organisms, these complex macromolecules are called_____

Answer 18

Proteins

Question 19

Small molecules with a simple basic structure: a central carbon atom to which an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), and a functional group, designated “R” are bonded.

Answer 19

Amino acids

Question 20

What are the four general groups of amino acids?

Answer 20

Phenylalanine (Phe)
Asparagine (Asn)
Aspartic acid (Asp)
Proline (Pro)

Question 21

What are the four general groups of amino acids?

Answer 21

Nonpolar (an aromatic)
Polar uncharged
Polar ionizable
Special chemical groups

Question 22

The covalent bond linking two amino acids together is called a ______ bond and forms by dehydration synthesis.

Answer 22

Peptide

Question 23

Long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds are called _______ and commonly called proteins if they are functional

Answer 23

Polypeptides

Question 24

The sequence of amino acids of a polypeptide chain is termed the polypeptides ______ structure. The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds, forming long chains like a “beaded strand”

Answer 24

Primary

Question 25

The initial folding of the polypeptide is called the _____ structure of a protein. Hydrogen bonding within this structure can fold the polypeptide into coils, called a-helices and sheets called b-pleated sheets.

Answer 25

Secondary

Question 26

The final three-dimensional shape, or _______ structure, of the protein, folded and twisted in the case of a globular molecule, is determined by exactly where in a polypeptide chain the Nonpolar amino acids occur.

Answer 26

Tertiary

Question 27

When a protein is composed of more than one polypeptide chain, the spatial arrangement of the several component chains is called the _______ structure of the protein.

Answer 27

Quaternary

Question 28

What are proteins?

Answer 28

Polypeptides made of subunits called amino acids

Question 29

If the polar nature of the proteins environment changes by either increasing temperature, or lowering pH, both of which alter hydrogen bonding the protein may unfold

Answer 29

Denature

Question 30

Globular proteins that have three dimensional shapes

Answer 30

Enzymes

Question 31

Process of enhancing chemical reactions is called _______, proteins are the _______ agents of cells, determining what chemical process takes place and where and when.

Answer 31

Catalysis; Catalytic

Question 32

Name all the components of an Amino acid

Answer 32

Hydrogen atom Amino group (-NH2) Carboxyl group (-COOH) Functional group Central carbon atom

Question 33

Very long polymers that serve as the information storage device of cells.

Answer 33

Nucleic acids

Question 34

Nucleic acids are long polymers if repeating subunits called _______ composed of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and an organic nitrogen containing base.

Answer 34

Nucleotides

Question 35

In the formation of Nucleic acid the individual sugars with their attached nitrogenous bases are linked in a line by the phosphate groups in very long ___________

Answer 35

Polynucleotide chains

Question 36

Storage plan of hereditary information, stored as a sequence of nucleotides in a linear nucleotide polymer.

Answer 36

DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 37

Class of Nucleic acids characterized by the presence of the sugar ribose and the pyrimidine uracil; includes mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and siRNA

Answer 37

RNA Ribonucleic Acid

Question 38

What are the two varieties of Nucleic acids?

Answer 38

DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA Ribonucleic Acid

Question 39

What ways do DNA differ from RNA

Answer 39

DNA is a double strand of complementary nucleotides DNA uses thymine as a base DNA uses deoxyribose sugar

Question 40

In cells, macromolecules called Nucleic acids ___________

Answer 40

Store genetic information

Question 41

Nucleic acids are made up of the monomers called ______

Answer 41

Nucleotides

Question 42

A five carbon sugar, a phosphate group and an organic nitrogen containing base is called ______

Answer 42

Nucleotide

Question 43

Polymers called _______ make up the structural framework of cells and play a critical role in energy storage.

Answer 43

Carbohydrates

Question 44

The simplest carbohydrates are simple sugars. These molecules consist of one subunit.

Answer 44

Monosaccharides

Question 45

The structure of glucose

Answer 45

Six carbon (C6H12O6)

Question 46

Simple carbohydrate that forms when two monosaccharides link together through dehydration reaction.

Answer 46

Disaccharide

Question 47

Chemical formula of Disaccharides

Answer 47

Two monosaccharide’s together in a dehydration reaction

Question 48

A long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms ending in a Carboxyl

Answer 48

Fatty acid