Chapter 3

Question 1

What are carbohydrates primarily composed of?

Answer 1

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Carbohydrates are also known as sugars.

Question 2

What are disaccharides?

Answer 2

Simple carbohydrates

Examples include sucrose and lactose.

Question 3

List three examples of disaccharides.

Answer 3

• Sucrose
• Lactose
• Found in fruit and veggies

Question 4

What is the energy release characteristic of disaccharides?

Answer 4

Releases a ton of energy quickly, but drops fairly quickly

Question 5

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 5

Complex carbohydrates

Examples include starch and cellulose.

Question 6

List two examples of polysaccharides.

Answer 6

• Starch
• Cellulose

Question 7

What is the energy release characteristic of polysaccharides?

Answer 7

Releases a smaller amount of energy but is sustained for longer

Question 8

Define monosaccharides.

Answer 8

Sugars containing 3-6 carbon atoms

If it ends in -ose, it’s a sugar.

Question 9

List three common monosaccharides.

Answer 9

• Glucose
• Fructose
• Galactose

Question 10

What is the animal storage form of carbohydrates?

Answer 10

Glycogen

Question 11

What is the plant storage form of carbohydrates?

Answer 11

Starch

Question 12

What is the animal cell structure carbohydrate?

Answer 12

Chitin

Question 13

What is the plant structure carbohydrate?

Answer 13

Cellulose (fiber)

Question 14

What are lipids primarily used for?

Answer 14

Long term energy storage, insulation, membrane formation, hormones

Question 15

What are lipids composed of?

Answer 15

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 16

What is the characteristic of lipids regarding water?

Answer 16

Hydrophobic (don’t mix well with water)

Question 17

What are triglycerides?

Answer 17

Fats with 3 tails

Question 18

Describe saturated fats.

Answer 18

• Have all single bonds
• Maximum # of H
• Straight tails
• Solid at room temp

Question 19

Describe unsaturated fats.

Answer 19

• At least 1 double bond
• Bent tails
• Liquid at room temp

Question 20

What are sterols?

Answer 20

Regulate growth and development

Examples include estrogen and testosterone.

Question 21

What are phospholipids?

Answer 21

Lipids with 2 tails

Question 22

What is the structure of wax?

Answer 22

Lipids with 1 tail

Question 23

What is the primary role of proteins?

Answer 23

Help with structure, protection, regulation, contraction, and transportation in the body

Question 24

How are proteins formed?

Answer 24

By linking amino acids with a peptide bond

Question 25

How many different kinds of amino acids are there?

Answer 25

20

Question 26

What are complete proteins?

Answer 26

Typically animal-produced and contain all the amino acids you need

Question 27

What are incomplete proteins?

Answer 27

Typically plant products and have some amino acids

Question 28

What are complementary proteins?

Answer 28

Two different foods that together provide all essential amino acids

Question 29

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 29

The sequence of amino acids

Question 30

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 30

Hydrogen bonding between amino acids ## Footnote Includes alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheets.

Question 31

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

Answer 31

Folding and bending of the secondary structure

Question 32

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

Answer 32

Two or more polypeptide chains held together by bonds between amino acids

Question 33

What are enzymes?

Answer 33

Molecules that initiate and accelerate chemical reactions

Question 34

What is activation energy?

Answer 34

The amount of energy used for a reaction

Question 35

What are nucleic acids primarily involved in?

Answer 35

Storing information

Question 36

What is DNA?

Answer 36

Deoxyribonucleic acid that stores genetic information

Question 37

What is RNA?

Answer 37

Ribonucleic acid that decodes information from DNA to form proteins

Question 38

What are nucleotides made up of?

Answer 38

Phosphate, sugar, and a base

Question 39

What distinguishes the five different nucleotides?

Answer 39

The base

Question 40

List the purine bases.

Answer 40

* Adenine (A) * Guanine (G)

Question 41

List the pyrimidine bases.

Answer 41

* Cytosine (C) * Thymine (T)

Question 42

What is the structure of DNA?

Answer 42

Double stranded held together by hydrogen bonds ## Footnote A pairs with T and C pairs with G.

Question 43

What are the three structural differences of RNA?

Answer 43

* 1 strand only * Uracil instead of Thymine * Sugar molecules have an extra oxygen