Chapter 3 Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
Who is the key figure associated with Psychoanalytic theory?
A
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Freud developed the foundational concepts of the unconscious mind and defense mechanisms.
2
Q
What are the three components of Freud’s model of personality?
A
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
The Id operates on the pleasure principle, the Ego on the reality principle, and the Superego represents moral standards.
3
Q
What is the main conflict model in Psychoanalytic theory?
A
A conflict model between conscious and unconscious forces
This model highlights the struggles individuals face between their desires and societal expectations.
4
Q
Who are the key figures in Psychodynamic (neo-Freud) theory?
A
- Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
Adler emphasized social relatedness and the concept of striving for superiority.
5
Q
What is a key aspect of Adler’s theory?
A
Recognized inferiority as driving force
Adler believed that feelings of inferiority motivate individuals to strive for superiority.
6
Q
What is Logotherapy and who developed it?
A
Therapy through meaning, developed by Viktor Frankl
Logotherapy focuses on finding purpose and meaning in life.
7
Q
What are the key concepts of Humanistic psychology?
A
- Unconditional positive regard
- Genuineness
- Accurate empathy
- Self-actualization
These concepts emphasize the importance of supportive relationships in personal growth.
8
Q
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A
A theory that prioritizes needs starting from primitive to higher psychological needs
It begins with basic needs like hunger and shelter, progressing to self-actualization.
9
Q
What is the highest need in Maslow’s hierarchy?
A
Self-actualization
This represents the fulfillment of personal potential and self-growth.
10
Q
What does the term ‘Defense mechanisms’ refer to?
A
Psychological strategies to protect oneself from anxiety or social judgement
These mechanisms help individuals cope with internal conflicts and impulses.
11
Q
Who developed the Person-centered therapy approach?
A
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
Rogers emphasized personal responsibility and the importance of a therapeutic relationship.
12
Q
Fill in the blank: The Ego operates on the _______.
A
reality principle
The Ego mediates between the desires of the Id and the constraints of the Superego.
13
Q
True or False: Existential theory focuses on human existence, choice, freedom, and responsibility.
A
True
Existential theorists like Viktor Frankl emphasized these aspects in understanding human behavior.
14
Q
Who developed Gestalt therapy?
A
Fritz Perls
Fritz Perls was active from 1893 to 1970
15
Q
What is the key concept of Gestalt therapy?
A
Bring completion to our needs; the process of forming wholeness
16
Q
Which psychologist is known for operant conditioning?
A
B.F. Skinner
B.F. Skinner was active from 1904 to 1990
17
Q
What does operant conditioning suggest about behaviors?
A
Behaviors are influenced by their consequences
18
Q
What approach does Albert Bandura’s theory emphasize?
A
Social learning approach: People are capable of change
Albert Bandura was active from 1925 to 2021
19
Q
What is self-efficacy?
A
Person can affect change
20
Q
List the 3 Cs in behavioral therapy.
A
- Counter conditioning
- Contingency management
- Cognitive behavior modification
21
Q
What is the ABC model in behavioral analysis?
A
Antecedent, Behavior, Consequences
22
Q
What does cognitive theory of psychopathology focus on?
A
Irrational beliefs that lead to negative emotions, anxiety, or depression
23
Q
What are core, rigid, dogmatic demands in cognitive therapy?
A
Beliefs that contribute to psychological distress
24
Q
What is cognitive restructuring?
A
How to replace irrational beliefs with rational beliefs
25
How does cognitive therapy differ from psychoanalytic theories?
Focuses on the here and now versus the past
26
What is an important aspect of the client-therapist relationship in cognitive therapy?
Includes empathy, dialog, challenging
27
What type of training is included in cognitive therapy?
* Assertiveness training
* Social skills training
* Communication skills training
28
What is contingency management?
A behavioral approach to reinforce desired behaviors
29
What is a token economy?
A system where desired behaviors are reinforced with tokens
30
What does DBT stand for?
Dialectical behavior therapy
31
What is the focus of DBT?
Borderline personality disorder
32
What is behavioral activation?
A strategy to increase engagement in meaningful activities
33
Fill in the blank: Cognitive therapy often addresses beliefs like 'must, should, ought to...' with _______.
[irrational beliefs]
34
What cognitive distortions are identified in cognitive therapy?
* Catastrophizing
* Over-generalizing
* Selective abstraction
* Excessive responsibility
* Self-references
* Dichotomous thinking
35
What therapies focus on acceptance of emotional distress?
* Mindfulness therapy
* Acceptance and commitment therapy
36
What is the goal of acceptance and commitment therapy?
Engagement in goal-directed behaviors despite emotional distress
37
What does acceptance and commitment therapy help individuals identify?
Personal values and acts on these values
38
Who is associated with the concept of self-actualization?
Maslow
## Footnote
Self-actualization is the process of realizing one's potential and is a key component of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
39
Which psychological theory stresses holism?
Gestalt
## Footnote
Gestalt psychology focuses on understanding the mind and behavior as a whole.
40
What theory emphasizes unconditional positive regard?
Person-centered
## Footnote
Unconditional positive regard is a fundamental concept in person-centered therapy developed by Carl Rogers.
41
Which theorist is known for the concepts of id, ego, and superego?
Freud
## Footnote
Freud's structural model of personality includes the id, ego, and superego as components of human psyche.
42
Which theory is based on attachment theory and Sullivan?
Family systems
## Footnote
Family systems theory examines family dynamics and relationships, often drawing from attachment theory.
43
What concept does logotherapy relate to?
Existential
## Footnote
Logotherapy, founded by Viktor Frankl, is an existential therapy focused on finding meaning in life.
44
Which theory suggests that irrational beliefs lead to anxiety and depression?
Cognitive
## Footnote
Cognitive therapy addresses how irrational beliefs can contribute to emotional distress.
45
What is triangulation in the context of family systems?
A situation where a third party is drawn into a conflict between two members of a group
## Footnote
Triangulation can complicate family dynamics and communication.
46
What does the ABC model refer to in behavioral theory?
Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence
## Footnote
The ABC model is used to analyze the relationship between stimuli and responses in behaviorism.
47
Which psychological theory emphasizes humanistic psychology?
Person-centered
## Footnote
Humanistic psychology focuses on individual potential and stresses the importance of growth and self-actualization.
48
Fill in the blank: The theory that focuses on interpersonal relationships is called _______.
Interpersonal
49
Fill in the blank: The concept of Gestalt is often summarized by the phrase 'the whole is greater than the sum of its parts' and emphasizes _______.
Holism
50
True or False: Behavioral theory is primarily concerned with internal processes and thoughts.
False
## Footnote
Behavioral theory focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal thoughts and feelings.
51
Which theorist is known for the concept of irrational beliefs?
Albert Ellis
## Footnote
Ellis developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), which emphasizes the role of irrational beliefs in emotional problems.
52
The psychological theory that incorporates assertiveness training and social skills training is:
Behavioral
53
The 3 C's of behavioral psychological theory include all of the following except:
Consequence awareness
54
Who developed the stages of psychosocial development?
Erik Erikson
## Footnote
Erik Erikson was a developmental psychologist known for his theory on psychosocial development across the lifespan.
55
What is the virtue associated with the stage 'Trust versus mistrust'?
Hope
## Footnote
This stage occurs during the infant stage, from age 0 to 1 year.
56
What are the pathologic outcomes of the 'Trust versus mistrust' stage?
* Depression
* Substance use disorder
* Psychosis
* Paranoia
## Footnote
These outcomes can arise if the child does not believe their caregivers are reliable.
57
What is the main task in the 'Autonomy versus shame and doubt' stage?
Will
## Footnote
This stage occurs during the toddler stage, from age 1 to 3 years.
58
What pathologic outcomes may result from the 'Autonomy versus shame and doubt' stage?
* Obsessions
* Compulsions
* Impulsivity
* Conversion disorder
## Footnote
Negative experiences can occur if the child feels guilty about making their own choices.
59
What is the virtue associated with the 'Initiative versus guilt' stage?
Purpose
## Footnote
This stage occurs during preschool, from age 3 to 6 years.
60
What are the pathologic outcomes of the 'Initiative versus guilt' stage?
* Phobia
* Psychosomatic disorder
* Creative inhibition
* Inertia
## Footnote
These outcomes can occur if the child develops guilt about their initiatives.
61
What is the virtue associated with the 'Industry versus inferiority' stage?
Competence
## Footnote
This stage occurs during the school-age years, from age 6 to 11 years.
62
What pathologic outcomes may arise from the 'Industry versus inferiority' stage?
Child comparing self-worth to others
## Footnote
Children may recognize disparities in abilities relative to peers.
63
What is the main question adolescents ask during the 'Identity versus role confusion' stage?
Who am I, how do I fit in?
## Footnote
This stage occurs from age 12 until 20 years.
64
What is the virtue associated with the 'Intimacy versus isolation' stage?
Love
## Footnote
This stage occurs during young adulthood, from age 21 to 40 years.
65
What are the pathologic outcomes of the 'Intimacy versus isolation' stage?
* Delinquent behavior
* Gender-related identity disorders
* Borderline personality disorder
* Psychotic episodes
## Footnote
Failure to form loving relationships can lead to feelings of isolation.
66
Who is Erik Erikson?
Erik Erikson (1902-1994) - Developmental Psychology
67
What is the virtue associated with the stage 'Generativity versus stagnation'?
Care
68
What age range does the stage 'Generativity versus stagnation' cover?
Age 40 to 60 years
69
What are the associated tasks for the stage 'Generativity versus stagnation'?
* To establish and guide the next generation
* Accepts self
70
What is the virtue associated with the stage 'Ego integrity versus despair'?
Wisdom
71
What age range does the stage 'Ego integrity versus despair' cover?
Age 65 years and older
72
What are the associated tasks for the stage 'Ego integrity versus despair'?
* The last chapter in one's life, retired or approaching retirement
* Look back on their lives and feel great accomplishment and a sense of integrity
* Those who had a difficult time during middle adulthood may feel despair
73
What is a potential pathologic outcome of the 'Generativity versus stagnation' stage?
Mid-life crisis
74
What are some pathologic outcomes of the 'Ego integrity versus despair' stage?
* Extreme alienation
* Despair
75
Fill in the blank: The virtue associated with the stage 'Generativity versus stagnation' is _______.
Care
76
Fill in the blank: The age range for 'Ego integrity versus despair' is _______.
Age 65 years and older
77
Which of the following of Erikson's Stages of Psychological Development comes latest in life? A. Industry versus inferiority B. Intimacy versus isolation C. Trust versus mistrust D. Initiative versus guilt
Intimacy versus isolation
78
According to the Biopsychosocial theory of mental illness, substance use disorder accounts for which part of the mental illness?
Biological
79
According to the bio psychosocial theory of mental illness, abuse accounts for what cause of mental illness?
Psychologic
80
A 16 year old adolescent is failing out of high school and frequently argues with his parents. He confides that he is confused by same sex attraction and is desperate to avoid telling his parents. An important consideration when working with adolescents is that their major developmental task according to Erickson is
Identity versus role confusion
81
What is the first stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development?
Sensorimotor stage
## Footnote
Infants learn through sensory observation and develop motor control.
82
What is a key feature of the Sensorimotor stage?
Object permanence
## Footnote
Infants learn to differentiate themselves from the world.
83
At what age does the Sensorimotor stage occur?
Birth to age 2 years
84
What develops around age 18 months in the Sensorimotor stage?
Mental symbols and words
85
What is the second stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development?
Preoperational thought
86
What characterizes Preoperational thought?
Learning without reasoning
## Footnote
Children use symbols and language more but have primitive concepts.
87
What is the age range for the Preoperational thought stage?
Ages 2-7 years
88
What is the first stage of Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning?
Preconventional infancy
89
What is a key feature of Preconventional infancy?
Obedience/punishment reasoning
## Footnote
There is no difference between doing the right thing and avoiding punishment.
90
What is the primary focus of moral development in the preschool period according to Kohlberg?
Avoiding punishment and striving for reward
91
What is 'immanent justice' in the context of moral reasoning?
Belief that misdeeds will result in immediate punishment
92
What type of thinking characterizes children in the Preoperational stage?
Egocentric thinking
93
Fill in the blank: In Preoperational thought, children exhibit _______ thinking, attributing feelings to physical events or objects.
animistic
94
True or False: Children in the Preoperational stage can understand abstract concepts.
False
95
What is 'phenomenalistic causality' in young children's thinking?
Magical thinking where bad thoughts cause accidents
96
What age range does Piaget's Concrete Operations stage cover?
7-11 years
## Footnote
This stage is characterized by logical thinking about concrete objects and events.
97
What type of morality is associated with children aged 7-11 years according to Kohlberg?
Conventional morality
## Footnote
This morality is based on authority, mutual benefit, and societal norms.
98
What cognitive ability begins to develop during the Concrete Operations stage?
Operational thought
## Footnote
Children start to see things from others' perspectives.
99
What reasoning skill is introduced during the Concrete Operations stage?
Syllogistic reasoning
## Footnote
This involves forming logical conclusions from two premises.
100
At what age does the Formal Operations stage begin according to Piaget?
11 years
## Footnote
This stage continues until the end of adolescence.
101
What type of thinking characterizes the Formal Operations stage?
Abstract thinking
## Footnote
In this stage, thinking becomes formal, logical, and systematic.
102
What type of morality develops during the Formal Operations stage?
Principled morality
## Footnote
This is based on internalized moral principles rather than societal norms.
103
What reasoning skill is emphasized in the Formal Operations stage?
Deductive reasoning
## Footnote
This allows individuals to draw specific conclusions from general principles.
104
What is a key characteristic of children's moral development in the Concrete Operations stage?
Begin to develop moral sense
## Footnote
Children start to think about the consequences of their behavior.
105
Fill in the blank: Reasoning skills and following rules typically begin around _______.
7 years old
106
True or False: Children in the Concrete Operations stage are egocentric.
False
## Footnote
They begin to see things from others' perspectives.
107
What response might an NP give to a mother concerned about her child's understanding of right and wrong at age 4?
Reasoning skills and following rules typically begin around 7 years of age.
108
What developmental concern might be suggested if a 4-year-old does not understand right from wrong?
Attention deficit disorder
## Footnote
This is one of the possibilities raised in the scenario.
109
What is attachment?
The emotional tone between children and their caregivers, evidenced by an infant's seeking and clinging to the caregiving person, usually the mother.
## Footnote
Definition based on Sadock, 2014, p. 97
110
Who is John Bowlby?
A psychologist who studied infants and mothers, known for his work on attachment theory.
## Footnote
Bowlby lived from 1907 to 1990
111
What is the purpose of attachment?
* Ensure closeness
* Deal with emotional, environmental, and physical stress
* Serve as a building block for identity stability
* Provide a stable and secure base for future exploration and growth
112
What are predictable attachment behaviors of infants?
* Crying
* Vocalizing
* Smiling
* Following mother
* Crying when she leaves
113
What can cause problematic attachment?
* Deficient maternal care
* Mother is mentally ill
* Lengthy institutionalization for child
* Mother or primary object of attachment dies
114
What attachment disorders are linked to problematic attachment?
* Nonorganic failure-to-thrive
* Separation anxiety disorder
* Avoidant personality disorder
* Depressive disorders
* Delinquency, academic problems, and borderline intelligence
115
Who is Mary Ainsworth?
A psychologist known for studying patterns of attachment between mothers and children.
## Footnote
Ainsworth lived from 1913 to 1999
116
What are the three main types of insecure attachment identified by Ainsworth?
* Insecure-avoidant
* Insecure-ambivalent
* Insecure-disorganized
117
Describe insecure-avoidant attachment.
Parents are brusque or aggressive; child avoids direct approach to parents when threatened.
118
Describe insecure-ambivalent attachment.
Child clings to inconsistent parents and has trouble exploring.
119
Describe insecure-disorganized attachment.
Parents are emotionally absent; child behaves in a bizarre way when threatened.
120
According to Ainsworth, the type of insecure attachment associated with clinging to inconsistent parents is:
Insecure-ambivalent
121
According to Kohlberg, a 9 year old would fall under which stage of moral reasoning?
Conventional morality
122
According to Piaget, which of the following would NOT be expected from a 10 year old?
Deductive reasoning
123
The Oedipus complex is typically observed in children at age:
5 years
124
What is the age range for the Oral stage in Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development?
Birth-1 year
## Footnote
This stage focuses on the mouth as the primary erogenous zone.
125
What erogenous zone is associated with the Anal stage?
Bowel and bladder elimination
## Footnote
This stage occurs between the ages of 1-3 years.
126
What are the two personality types associated with fixation in the Oral stage?
* Orally aggressive
* Orally passive
## Footnote
Orally aggressive individuals may chew gum or smoke, while orally passive individuals may engage in kissing or oral sexual practices.
127
What are the consequences of fixation in the Anal stage?
* Anal retentive: obsessively organized or excessively neat
* Anal expulsive: reckless, careless, defiant, disorganized
## Footnote
These personality traits emerge based on how individuals navigate toilet training.
128
What is the age range for the Phallic stage?
3-6 years
## Footnote
This stage is characterized by the development of sexual identity and the Oedipus and Electra complexes.
129
What complex is associated with boys in the Phallic stage according to Freud?
Oedipus complex
## Footnote
This complex involves a child's feelings of desire for their opposite-sex parent and jealousy toward their same-sex parent.
130
What complex is associated with girls in the Phallic stage according to Carl Jung?
Electra complex
## Footnote
This complex reflects a girl's psychosexual competition with her mother for her father's affection.
131
What might result from fixation in the Latency stage?
Sexual unfulfillment
## Footnote
The Latency stage occurs from 6 years to puberty, where sexual feelings are dormant.
132
What is the age range for the Genital stage?
Puberty-Death
## Footnote
This stage is marked by the maturation of sexual interests.
133
What are potential consequences of fixation in the Genital stage?
* Anorgasmia
* Erectile dysfunction
* Unsatisfactory relationships
## Footnote
These issues can arise if sexual development is hindered during earlier stages.
134
What is the age range for Freud's Oral stage?
Birth to 1½ years
## Footnote
This stage focuses on the infant's pleasure centers on the mouth.
135
What psychosocial conflict occurs during Erikson's stage of Infancy?
Trust versus mistrust
## Footnote
This stage emphasizes the importance of reliable caregivers.
136
What is the age range for Piaget's Sensorimotor stage?
Birth to 2 years
## Footnote
This stage involves understanding the world through sensory experiences and motor actions.
137
What is the main conflict in Erikson's Toddler stage?
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
## Footnote
This stage is about developing a sense of personal control.
138
Which stage of Freud's theory corresponds to ages 3-6 years?
Phallic stage
## Footnote
This stage is characterized by the child's discovery of sexual identity.
139
What cognitive development occurs during Piaget's Preoperational stage?
Symbolic thinking and egocentrism
## Footnote
Children begin to use language and engage in imaginative play.
140
What is the psychosocial conflict in Erikson's Early Childhood stage?
Initiative versus guilt
## Footnote
This stage focuses on asserting control and power over the environment.
141
What is the age range for Piaget's Concrete Operations stage?
7-11 years
## Footnote
Children begin to think logically about concrete events.
142
What is the main conflict during Erikson's Middle Childhood stage?
Industry versus inferiority
## Footnote
This stage emphasizes the importance of accomplishments and competence.
143
What moral development stage does Kohlberg describe for ages 4-10?
Preconventional level
## Footnote
Morality is judged by the consequences of actions.
144
What is the age range for Freud's Genital stage?
Adolescence and lasts throughout adulthood
## Footnote
This stage is focused on mature sexual intimacy.
145
What is the psychosocial conflict during Erikson's Adolescence stage?
Identity versus role confusion
## Footnote
This stage involves exploring personal identity and sense of self.
146
What is the main conflict in Erikson's Young Adulthood stage?
Intimacy versus isolation
## Footnote
This stage focuses on forming intimate, loving relationships.
147
What is the psychosocial conflict in Erikson's Adulthood stage?
Generativity versus stagnation
## Footnote
This stage emphasizes the importance of contributing to society and helping the next generation.
148
What is the last psychosocial conflict in Erikson's Late Adulthood stage?
Integrity versus despair
## Footnote
This stage involves reflecting on life and feeling a sense of fulfillment.
149
What cognitive development occurs during Piaget's Formal Operations stage?
Abstract and logical thinking
## Footnote
This stage allows for advanced reasoning and problem-solving.
