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Fitzgerald Review > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of neuroscience?

A

The study of the nervous system, including the brain and its functions.

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2
Q

What is neural plasticity?

A

The brain physically changes and develops throughout the lifespan.

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3
Q

What is ‘adult neurogenesis’?

A

The ability to generate new neurons in adults.

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4
Q

What influences brain development?

A

Experiences and genetics.

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5
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

The process during adolescence where relevant synapses persist, refining the efficiency of the brain.

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6
Q

What is synaptic (neuro) transmission?

A

The transfer of information from one neuron to another.

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7
Q

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters?

A

An action potential in the axon.

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8
Q

What happens when neurotransmitters are released?

A

They activate the receptors of the postsynaptic neuron, opening channels and exchanging ions.

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9
Q

What occurs after neurotransmitter activation?

A

The receptor channel closes and neurotransmitter reuptake to the presynaptic membrane occurs.

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10
Q

What are second messengers in neurotransmission?

A

Chemical and electrical processes that continue neurotransmission within the neuron.

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11
Q

What is the neurodevelopmental basis of psychiatric disease?

A

Conditions that originate during brain development, such as schizophrenia, depression, autism, and ADHD.

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12
Q

What negative effects can chronic stress and substance use disorder have?

A

They can negatively affect neural plasticity.

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13
Q

What positive changes can influence brain neural functioning?

A

Psychotherapy, psycho-pharmacotherapy, enjoyable activities, exercise, and meditation.

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14
Q

Where does the work of the brain primarily occur?

A

At the synapse.

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15
Q

What helps maintain optimal functioning of synapses?

A

A healthy lifestyle.

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16
Q

How many neurotransmitters are known to exist in the brain?

A

More than 50.

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17
Q

What is the difference between abnormal brain disruption and injury?

A

Abnormal disruption occurs from early on, while injury affects a normally formed brain.

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18
Q

What findings have contributed to understanding psychiatric diseases?

A

Neuroimaging findings.

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19
Q

What complex processes contribute to psychiatric conditions?

A

A complex interaction of gene and environment.

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20
Q

What structures are part of the brainstem?

A

Pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain

These structures are critical for regulating vital functions.

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21
Q

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates balance, posture, movement, memory, impulse control, cognition, language

The cerebellum plays a crucial role in motor control and cognitive functions.

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22
Q

What are the effects of damage to the brainstem?

A

Impaired inhibition, anxiety, depression, personality changes

Damage to the brainstem can severely impact emotional and physical regulation.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ regulates blood pressure, respiration, level of arousal, and digestion.

A

Brainstem

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24
Q

What psychiatric conditions are associated with brainstem damage?

A

PTSD, paralysis, psychosis, coma, death

These conditions can arise due to severe brainstem impairment.

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25
What specific effects can damage to the cerebellum cause?
Ataxia, tremors, emotional blunting, lack of inhibition ## Footnote These symptoms reflect the cerebellum's role in motor and emotional regulation.
26
True or False: The corpus callosum is part of the brainstem.
False ## Footnote The corpus callosum connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain but is not part of the brainstem.
27
What are the main functions of the thalamus?
Information relay to cerebellum ## Footnote The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals.
28
List the lobes of the brain mentioned in the text.
* Frontal lobe * Parietal lobe * Temporal lobe * Occipital lobe ## Footnote Each lobe has distinct functions related to sensory processing, cognition, and motor control.
29
Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for coordinating balance and movement.
Cerebellum
30
What role does the hypothalamus play in the brain?
Regulates various autonomic functions ## Footnote The hypothalamus is crucial for maintaining homeostasis.
31
What is the Limbic System commonly referred to as?
The Emotional Brain ## Footnote The Limbic System plays a crucial role in regulating emotions and emotional responses.
32
Name a major structure of the Limbic System that acts as a smoke detector for emotions.
Amygdala ## Footnote The amygdala is crucial for processing emotions such as fear and aggression.
33
What are the basic emotions regulated by the Amygdala?
* Fear * Rage * Sexual desire ## Footnote These emotions are fundamental to human survival and behavior.
34
What role does the Hippocampus play in relation to memory?
Involved in memory and converting short-term memory into long-term memory ## Footnote The hippocampus is essential for learning and memory consolidation.
35
What is the function of the Thalamus in the Limbic System?
Relay station that connects the cortex to the limbic system for sensory information ## Footnote It also influences affect, mood, and body movements associated with strong emotion.
36
What does the Hypothalamus regulate?
* Homeostasis * Basic needs (e.g., eating, drinking) * Temperature regulation * Sleep-wake cycle ## Footnote The hypothalamus plays a vital role in maintaining the body's internal balance.
37
What are some effects of damage to the Limbic System?
* Irritability * Anger * Aggression * Impaired memory * Disturbed sleep ## Footnote Damage can lead to emotional instability and cognitive issues.
38
List specific psychiatric conditions associated with the Limbic System.
* PTSD * Panic disorder * Depression * Autism * Schizophrenia ## Footnote These conditions highlight the importance of the Limbic System in mental health.
39
Fill in the blank: The limbic system influences affect, mood, and body movements associated with strong _______.
emotion ## Footnote This influence is critical for understanding emotional responses.
40
True or False: The Hippocampus and Amygdala are interconnected and often discussed together, especially in the context of PTSD.
True ## Footnote Their relationship is significant in understanding trauma and memory.
41
What are the four subdivisions of the frontal lobe?
* Motor strip * Supplemental motor area * Broca's area * Prefrontal cortex ## Footnote The frontal lobe is critical for executive functions and personality.
42
What is the primary function of the prefrontal cortex?
* Executive functioning * Personality * Higher-order planning * Speech * Motivation ## Footnote The prefrontal cortex has three regions: orbitofrontal, dorsolateral, and medial.
43
What does MRI studies demonstrate about the orbitofrontal region?
It works with the anterior cingulate and insula to seek and recognize human love. ## Footnote This highlights the emotional aspects of brain function.
44
What role does the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) play?
It works with the amygdala to control emotional regulation and processing. ## Footnote This area is crucial for managing emotions.
45
What is a key function of the medial prefrontal cortex?
Part of the brain's reward system. ## Footnote It receives and evaluates sensory information, excluding smell, hearing, and vision.
46
Which lobe is involved in processing tactile and proprioceptive information?
Parietal lobe ## Footnote It also aids in the comprehension of language.
47
What does the occipital lobe primarily handle?
Vision and visual memory, language formation. ## Footnote It is essential for visual processing.
48
What is the main function of the temporal lobe?
Receives and processes auditory information. ## Footnote It also provides emotional context to memories.
49
What are the effects of damage to Broca's area?
Expressive aphasia. ## Footnote This condition affects speech production.
50
What results from damage to the orbital frontal region?
* Lack of inhibition * Promiscuity * Poor judgment * Defects in executive functioning ## Footnote These effects highlight the importance of this brain area in behavior and decision-making.
51
Which psychiatric conditions are associated with frontal lobe dysfunction?
* Frontal lobe syndrome * Schizophrenia * Executive dysfunction syndrome * Depression * Bipolar disorder * ADHD * Anxiety ## Footnote These conditions reflect a range of emotional and cognitive challenges.
52
What are common symptoms of damage to the parietal lobe?
Trouble recognizing familiar people, objects, or surroundings. ## Footnote This can lead to significant difficulties in daily life.
53
What are the effects of damage to the occipital lobe?
* Vision loss * Visual hallucinations ## Footnote This damage can severely impact visual perception.
54
List symptoms associated with damage to the temporal lobe.
* Fear * Anxiety * Rage * Paranoia * Auditory hallucinations in depression, mania, and schizophrenia ## Footnote These symptoms relate to emotional disturbances and perceptual issues.
55
Fill in the blank: Damage to the frontal lobe can lead to _______.
executive dysfunction syndrome ## Footnote This highlights the cognitive impacts of frontal lobe damage.
56
True or False: The medial prefrontal cortex is involved in sensory information processing.
True ## Footnote It specifically evaluates sensory information excluding smell, hearing, and vision.
57
What are the selected neurotransmitters involved in mental disorders?
Monoamines including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine; amino acids including glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine (ACh) ## Footnote These neurotransmitters play critical roles in various mental health conditions.
58
Which neurotransmitter is thought to contribute to the symptoms of schizophrenia?
Dopamine (DA) ## Footnote Excessive dopamine in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway is linked to psychotic symptoms.
59
What are the symptoms associated with drug-induced Parkinsonism (DIP)?
Symptoms occur through degeneration of nigral neurons ## Footnote This condition is linked to the depletion of dopamine due to neuroleptic drugs.
60
What is the primary role of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway?
Reward oriented ## Footnote It is associated with positive symptoms of schizophrenia and drug abuse.
61
What negative symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with deficient mesocortical dopamine?
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia ## Footnote These include cognitive deficits and mood disorders.
62
What is the function of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway?
Voluntary and involuntary movements ## Footnote Disruption in this pathway can lead to extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) due to antipsychotics.
63
What cognitive functions are associated with the mesocortical dopamine pathway?
Cognition, planning, and behavior ## Footnote This pathway is crucial for higher-order cognitive functions.
64
What is the effect of antipsychotics on dopamine receptors?
All antipsychotics block DA receptors, specifically D2 in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway ## Footnote This mechanism helps alleviate psychotic symptoms but can lead to side effects.
65
What can occur with blockade of D2 receptors in the nigrostriatal pathway?
Extrapyramidal adverse effects (EPS) ## Footnote This is particularly a risk with first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs).
66
What is a potential side effect of medications that disrupt the tuberoinfundibular pathway?
Elevated prolactin and galactorrhea ## Footnote Drugs like risperidone can cause these hormonal changes.
67
How do second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) reduce adverse effects?
Partly because of their action on the D2 receptor ## Footnote SGAs often have a more favorable side effect profile compared to FGAs.
68
What is the mechanism of action for D1-like receptor family?
Stimulate adenyl cyclase activity ## Footnote This family includes receptors D1 and D5.
69
What is the mechanism of action for D2-like receptor family?
Inhibit formation of cAMP ## Footnote This family includes receptors D2, D3, and D4.
70
What are the two main categories of neurotransmitters mentioned?
Monoamines and amino acids ## Footnote Monoamines include dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine; amino acids include glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
71
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the noradrenergic system?
Norepinephrine (NE) ## Footnote Norepinephrine is involved in mood disorders and anxiety disorders.
72
What is the dietary precursor for norepinephrine?
Tyrosine ## Footnote Tyrosine is an amino acid that is a precursor to norepinephrine.
73
Where are the cell bodies of norepinephrine found?
Locus coeruleus ## Footnote The locus coeruleus is a nucleus in the pons involved in physiological responses to stress and panic.
74
Which medications increase levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in ADHD treatment?
Methylphenidate and amphetamines ## Footnote These are psychostimulant medications commonly used to treat ADHD.
75
What is Atomoxetine (Strattera®) used for?
ADHD treatment ## Footnote Atomoxetine is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
76
What are the effects of norepinephrine on the body?
Attention, focus, vigilance, fight or flight response, learning, speeds up heart rate ## Footnote Norepinephrine plays a crucial role in the body's response to stress.
77
What is the primary function of serotonin (5-HT)?
Calming neurotransmitter ## Footnote Serotonin affects mood, sleep, aggression, and behavior.
78
What is the dietary precursor for serotonin?
Tryptophan ## Footnote Tryptophan is an amino acid that is necessary for the synthesis of serotonin.
79
Where is the majority of serotonin found in the body?
Gut ## Footnote Approximately 90% of the body's serotonin is located in the gastrointestinal tract.
80
What do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) do?
Block the reuptake pump ## Footnote This action increases the levels of serotonin in the synaptic cleft.
81
How do some second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) affect serotonin receptors?
Block 5-HT2 receptors ## Footnote This helps balance the action of dopamine and reduce adverse effects.
82
What is the effect of buspirone on serotonin?
Partial agonist to 5-HT1A ## Footnote Buspirone is used to treat anxiety and affects serotonin receptors.
83
What are triptans used for?
Acute migraine treatment ## Footnote Triptans are agonists of 5-HT1B/1D receptors.
84
What type of receptor antagonist is mirtazapine?
5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ## Footnote Mirtazapine is used to treat depression.
85
True or False: Dysregulation of norepinephrine can occur with early childhood maltreatment.
True ## Footnote This dysregulation is implicated in various mental disorders.
86
What are the effects of serotonin dysregulation?
Irritability, hostility, sleep dysregulation, anxiety, depression, decreased interest in sexual relations ## Footnote These effects highlight the importance of serotonin in emotional regulation.
87
What neurotransmitter is widely distributed within the CNS and is involved in arousal, wakefulness, feeding behavior, and neuroendocrine responsiveness?
Histamine ## Footnote H1 receptors are involved in sedation and weight gain when antagonized by antipsychotics and antidepressants.
88
What is the major receptor for glutamate?
NMDA ## Footnote Glutamate is associated with epilepsy and plays a role in the glutamate theory of schizophrenia and depression.
89
What is the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the CNS?
Inhibitory neurotransmitter ## Footnote GABA is involved in anxiety disorders and schizophrenia, and benzodiazepines act on GABA receptors to reduce anxiety.
90
What neurotransmitter is responsible for transmission from nerves to organs in the autonomic nervous system?
Acetylcholine (ACh) ## Footnote ACh is involved in both sympathetic 'fight or flight' and parasympathetic 'rest and digest' responses.
91
What happens to acetylcholine concentrations in the brain due to deterioration in the cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus?
Decreases ## Footnote This decrease plays a role in cognition, arousal, attention, and motivation.
92
Fill in the blank: Benzodiazepines act on _______ receptors to reduce anxiety.
GABA ## Footnote Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of GABA, which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
93
True or False: Histamine can only act as an excitatory neurotransmitter.
False ## Footnote Histamine can be both excitatory or inhibitory in its action.
94
What is a common pharmacologic example of an acetylcholine-related medication used in Alzheimer's dementia?
Donepezil ## Footnote Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors like donepezil prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine.
95
What condition is glutamate associated with besides depression?
Epilepsy ## Footnote High levels of glutamate can lead to excitotoxicity, contributing to seizures.
96
Which neurotransmitter is a precursor to GABA?
Glutamate ## Footnote This relationship highlights the interconnectedness of neurotransmitter systems.
97
What are the four receptor subtypes of histamine involved in sedation?
H1, H2, H3, H4 ## Footnote H1 receptor antagonism is specifically linked to sedation and weight gain.
98
What is the primary function of dopamine pathways?
• Reward (motivation) • Pleasure, euphoria • Motor function (fine tuning) • Compulsion • Perseveration ## Footnote Dopamine is crucial for various behaviors and emotional responses.
99
Which brain region is associated with dopamine pathways?
• Frontal cortex • Nucleus accumbens • VTA • Striatum • Substantia nigra ## Footnote These regions are involved in the processing of rewards and motor control.
100
What are the functions of serotonin pathways?
• Mood • Memory processing • Sleep • Cognition ## Footnote Serotonin is important for regulating mood and cognitive functions.
101
Which brain region is associated with serotonin pathways?
• Raphe nucleus • Hippocampus ## Footnote The raphe nucleus is the primary source of serotonin in the brain.
102
Fill in the blank: The _______ is involved in fine-tuning motor function.
[Dopamine pathways]
103
True or False: The hippocampus is primarily involved in dopamine pathways.
False
104
What is one function of the nucleus accumbens?
Reward (motivation) ## Footnote The nucleus accumbens plays a key role in the reward circuit of the brain.
105
Fill in the blank: The primary role of the _______ is in mood regulation.
[Serotonin pathways]
106
What neurotransmitter is involved with Benzodiazepines?
GABA ## Footnote Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
107
What medication is associated with Serotonin?
Fluoxetine ## Footnote Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).
108
Which medications involve Norepinephrine and Serotonin?
Venlafaxine ## Footnote Venlafaxine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).
109
What neurotransmitter is associated with Methylphenidate?
Dopamine + Norepinephrine ## Footnote Methylphenidate is a stimulant that increases levels of dopamine and norepinephrine.
110
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved with Antipsychotics?
Dopamine ## Footnote Antipsychotics mainly target dopamine receptors.
111
What neurotransmitters are involved with Bupropion?
Norepinephrine + Dopamine ## Footnote Bupropion is known to inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine.
112
Which neurotransmitter is associated with loose bowels after starting medication?
Serotonin ## Footnote Increased serotonin levels can lead to gastrointestinal side effects.
113
Which neurotransmitter is linked to Galactorrhea?
Dopamine ## Footnote Galactorrhea can occur due to decreased dopamine levels affecting prolactin secretion.
114
Which neurotransmitters are involved in focus and concentration?
Norepinephrine, Dopamine ## Footnote Both norepinephrine and dopamine play roles in attention and cognitive functions.
115
What neurotransmitter is associated with elevated blood pressure?
Norepinephrine ## Footnote Norepinephrine can increase blood pressure through vasoconstriction.
116
What neurotransmitter is linked to sexual dysfunction after starting medication?
Serotonin ## Footnote Increased serotonin can lead to sexual side effects.
117
Which neurotransmitter is associated with dyskinesias?
Dopamine ## Footnote Dyskinesias are often related to dopamine receptor dysregulation.
118
Which neurotransmitter is involved in substance dependence and substance use disorder?
Dopamine ## Footnote Dopamine pathways are critical in reward and addiction mechanisms.
119
The mechanism of action of bupropion is as a selective reuptake inhibitor of:
Dopamine and norepinephrine
120
A patient diagnosed with Alzheimer's dementia is likely to have dysfunction of which part of the brain?
Hippocampus "hippos have long memories "
121
Second generation antipsychotics are preferred over first generation antipsychotics primarily because of:
Lower rate of adverse effects
122
The ability of a person who has a stroke to regain the ability of speech by recruiting other areas of the brain to compensate for damaged regions is an example of:
Neural plasticity
123
The dopamine pathway thought to be responsible for the positive symptoms of schizophrenia is the:
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
124
What is the function of the Mesolimbic dopamine pathway?
Mood disorders ## Footnote The mesolimbic pathway is primarily associated with the reward system and emotions.
125
What is the primary function of the Nigrostriatal dopamine pathway?
Motor function ## Footnote The nigrostriatal pathway is crucial for coordinating movement and is affected in Parkinson's disease.
126
What role does the Mesocortical dopamine pathway play?
Cognition and planning ## Footnote The mesocortical pathway is involved in higher cognitive functions and executive functions.
127
Which dopamine pathway is responsible for prolactin regulation?
Tuberoinfundibular dopamine pathway ## Footnote This pathway inhibits prolactin release from the anterior pituitary gland.
128
Fill in the blank: The _______ pathway is associated with mood disorders.
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
129
True or False: The Nigrostriatal dopamine pathway is involved in cognition and planning.
False ## Footnote The Nigrostriatal pathway is primarily involved in motor function.
130
Match the dopamine pathway with its appropriate function: A. Mesolimbic, B. Nigrostriatal, C. Mesocortical, D. Tuberoinfundibular.
A - Mood disorders, B - Motor function, C - Cognition and planning, D - Prolactin regulation

Fitzgerald Review (7 decks)

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