Chapter 3

Question 1

Dr. Ross believes that principles of natural selection help explain why infants come to fear strangers about the time they become mobile. Dr. Ross is most likely a(n)?

Answer 1

evolutionary psychologist

Question 2

A pair of adopted children or identical twins reared in the same home are most likely to have similar:

Answer 2

religious beliefs

Question 3

Collectivist cultures:

Answer 3

are characterized by giving priority to group goals, valuing the maintenance of social harmony, and fostering social independence

Question 4

If a fraternal twin becomes schizophrenic, the likelihood of the other twin developing serious mental illness is much lower than with identical twins. This suggests that:

Answer 4

schizophrenia is influenced by genes

Question 5

The best way to separate the effect of genes and environment in research is to study:

Answer 5

identical twins raised in different environments

Question 6

Through natural selection, the traits that are most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations are those that contribute to:

Answer 6

reproduction and survival

Question 7

What is not true about gender and sexuality?

Answer 7

Gender differences in sexuality are noticeably absent among gays and lesbians.

Question 8

Evolutionary psychologists attribute gender differences in sexuality to the fact that women have:

Answer 8

lower reproductive potential than men

Question 9

Unlike _____ twins, who develop from a single fertilized egg, _______ twins develop from separate fertilized eggs.

Answer 9

identical; fraternal

Question 10

Temperament refers to a person’s characteristic:

Answer 10

emotional reactivity and intensity

Question 11

Gender refers to:

Answer 11

the biological and social definition of male and female

Question 12

If chromosomes are the “books” of heredity, the “words” are the ______.

Answer 12

genes

Question 13

Despite growing up in the same home environment, Karen and her brother John have personalities as different as two people selected randomly from the population. Why is this so?

Answer 13

The interaction of their individual genes and non shared experiences accounts for the common finding that children in the same family are usually very different.

Question 14

One of the best ways to distinguish how much genetic and environmental factors affect behavior is to compare children who have:

Answer 14

the same genes but different environments

Question 15

Of the relatively few genetic differences among humans, ______ are differences among population groups.

Answer 15

less than 10 percent

Question 16

Responding to the argument that gender differences are often by-products of a culture’s social and family structures, an evolutionary psychologist is most likely to point out:

Answer 16

our great human capacity for learning

Question 17

An organism’s complete set of genetic instructions is called the:

Answer 17

genome

Question 18

Compared to fraternal twins, identical twins are:

Answer 18

more similar in their risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease and more similar in risk of divorce.

Question 19

Adoptive parents are least likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children.

Answer 19

personality traits

Question 20

Intense and reactive infants become unusually anxious and aroused when facing new or strange situations. This best illustrates the importance of:

Answer 20

temperament.

Question 21

Estimates of the heritability of personality traits are most directly associated with the research efforts of:

Answer 21

behavior geneticists.

Question 22

In emphasizing that heredity’s effects on behavior depend on a person’s home environment, psychologists are highlighting the importance of:

Answer 22

nature-nurture interactions.

Question 23

Bacteria that resist a hospital’s antibiotics rapidly multiply as other bacteria die off. This best illustrates:

Answer 23

natural selection.

Question 24

It has been suggested that men in all cultures tend to marry women younger than themselves because men are genetically predisposed to seek female features associated with youthful fertility. This suggestion best illustrates:

Answer 24

an evolutionary perspective.

Question 25

Premature babies are especially likely to gain weight if stimulated by:

Answer 25

touch and massage.

Question 26

At a social gathering, Latin Americans may behave in a manner that North Americans consider intrusive and overly expressive. This best illustrates the importance of being sensitive to differing:

Answer 26

norms.

Question 27

Displays of self-effacing humility are most characteristic of those who value:

Answer 27

collectivism.

Question 28

Over the last century, Western parents have placed ________ priority on teaching children to respect and obey parents and ________ priority on teaching them loyalty to their country.

Answer 28

decreasing; decreasing

Question 29

Adolescent females spend:

Answer 29

less time alone and more time praying than do adolescent males.

Question 30

Jaquetta was exposed to excess testosterone during prenatal development. As a young girl, Jaquetta is likely to:

Answer 30

prefer toy cars over dolls.

Question 31

Concepts of masculinity and femininity that influence our perceptions are called gender:

Answer 31

schemas

Question 32

Two individuals are most likely to differ in personality if they are:

Answer 32

fraternal twins who were raised apart.

Question 33

The tendency to exaggerate the impact of parents’ child-rearing practices on children’s personality has been most characteristic of:

Answer 33

Freudian psychologists.

Question 34

Because he believes that crying is a feminine trait, 14-year-old George has difficulty admitting that a movie makes him tearful. His experience best illustrates dynamics highlighted by:

Answer 34

gender schema theory.