CHAPTER 3&4

Question 1

Animal Welfare Act of 1966

Answer 1

Regulates all nonhuman animal care in the United States.

Question 2

APA Ethics Code

Answer 2

Provides 5 general principles and 10 standards to guide the roles and work of psychology with the goal of upholding human and animal rights.

Question 3

APA Ethical Principles

Answer 3

General principles that serve as big picture goals to guide ethical conduct for psychologists. The APA Ethical Principles include: beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, and respect for people’s rights and dignity.

Question 4

APA Ethical Standards

Answer 4

Standards important to research include those that: ensure privacy and confidentiality, participant’s right to withdraw, informed consent, deception and debriefing, institutional review boards, and protection for nonhuman animals.

Question 5

Belmont Report

Answer 5

Contains ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Consists of three core principles: respect for persons, beneficence, justice.

Question 6

Beneficence

Answer 6

Part of the Belmont Report that mandates researchers to minimize harm and maximize benefits for research participants.

Question 7

Beneficence and nonmaleficence

Answer 7

APA Ethical Principle that mandates protection from harm, based on the welfare and rights of humans and animals.

Question 8

Conflict of Interest

Answer 8

A type of fraud that involves not disclosing when a researcher’s perspective or situation may influence the outcome of a study.

Question 9

Debriefing

Answer 9

Following a study’s completion, researchers provide participants correct information about the study’s purpose and rationale. Included in the APA Ethical Standards.

Question 10

Deception

Answer 10

When the information initially provided to participants in a research study is incomplete or inaccurate in order to prevent participants from knowing the true purpose of the study. Included in the APA Ethical Standards.

Question 11

Ethics

Answer 11

Set of principles agreed upon by a group.

Question 12

Fabrication

Answer 12

A type of fraud that involves making up data or results and reporting them.

Question 13

Falsification

Answer 13

A type of fraud that involves altering research materials, processes, or results so the research recorded or presented is not a true representation of the research.

Question 14

Fidelity and responsibility

Answer 14

APA Ethical Principle that suggests that psychologists build trust, conduct their business professionally, cooperate with others, and provide responsible services.

Question 15

Fraud

Answer 15

The misinterpretation of facts, or lying.

Question 16

Informed consent

Answer 16

Process of providing individuals enough information about participation in a research study before the start of the study to allow them to make a voluntary choice to participate. Included in the APA Ethical Standards.

Question 17

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs)

Answer 17

Independent groups that review animal research to ensure that the animals are being treated humanely.

Question 18

Institutional review boards (IRBs)

Answer 18

Independent groups that review human subject research to ensure Ethical Standards are met.

Question 19

Integrity

Answer 19

APA Ethical Principle focus on accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the work of psychologists.

Question 20

Intellectual property rights

Answer 20

Creations of the mind that are considered a product (i.e., property) of an individual.

Question 21

Justice

Answer 21

Part of the Belmont Report and APA Ethical Principles that instructs researchers to balance selection of participants and beneficiaries of research.

Question 22

Morality

Answer 22

Personal principles of right and wrong.

Question 23

Plagiarism

Answer 23

Use of the words, ideas, processes, or results of others without properly citing the source.

Question 24

Privacy and confidentiality

Answer 24

The practice of not disclosing personal information about a participant beyond what is necessary for carrying out the study.

Question 25

Reduction

Answer 25

One of three strategies. Researchers should consider methods that minimize the number of animals used in the research while maximizing the information acquired.

Question 26

Refinement

Answer 26

One of three strategies Researchers should use procedures that minimize harm and enhance the well-being of the animals used in research.

Question 27

Replacement

Answer 27

One of three strategies Researchers should consider methods that avoid using vertebrate animals.

Question 28

Replicability

Answer 28

There are enough details and transparency in all steps of the research process that other researchers could replicate the study on their own.

Question 29

Respect for people’s rights and dignity

Answer 29

APA Ethical Principle that emphasizes respect, dignity, and worth of individuals, independent of their differences, guaranteeing privacy and confidentiality.

Question 30

Respect for Persons

Answer 30

Part of the Belmont Report that dictates researchers must treat individuals as autonomous agents and provide protection for those with diminished autonomy.

Question 31

Right to withdraw

Answer 31

APA ETHICAL STANDARD THAT Even after individuals agree to participate in research, they may opt out of the project at any point with no negative consequences.

Question 32

Risk-benefit analysis

Answer 32

The procedure an (IRB) uses for deciding if the potential harm of a research study outweighs the benefits of the research outcome.

Question 33

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 33

When participants try to guess the true purpose of a study, they may change their response to what they think should be the answer.

Question 34

Social desirability

Answer 34

When participants try to guess the true purpose of a study, they may change their response to avoid sharing something they feel may make them look bad.

Question 35

Three Rs

Answer 35

Three strategies for making ethical decisions regarding animal research including replacement, refinement, and reduction.

Question 36

Academic journal

Answer 36

A journal that publishes articles that have been reviewed and accepted by experts on the article topic.

Question 37

Article analysis

Answer 37

An examination of an article that focuses on the quality of the research question being addressed, the hypothesis, the method, forms of data analysis, and the authors’ interpretation of the results.

Question 38

Citations

Answer 38

Appear in the body of a paper and point the reader to the references (also known as in-text citations).

Question 39

Discussion section

Answer 39

Section of a research article that puts the study in context of what is already known from previous research and typically includes limitations, contributions, and implications.

Question 40

Implications

Answer 40

Part of the research conclusions that describe how the study results are relevant. Found in the Discussion section.

Question 41

Introduction

Answer 41

First part of a research article that explains the rationale for the study and includes the study hypothesis or research question.

Question 42

Literature review

Answer 42

The process of reading and synthesizing what is already known (what has been written) about a topic.

Question 43

Meta-analysis

Answer 43

A quantitative synthesis of a body of research on a topic that combines the results of previously published studies.

Question 44

Method section

Answer 44

Section of a research article that explains how the authors conducted the study; this typically includes a description of the participants, the manipulated & measured variable(s), and the procedures for the study.

Question 45

Narrative review article

Answer 45

An article that provides a critical synthesis of published empirical articles.

Question 46

Primary source

Answer 46

The original (first) source of information on a specific study, written by the researchers who conducted the study.

Question 47

References

Answer 47

Listed at the end of a scholarly work, is the original source. Include the author names, year of publication, article title, page numbers, journal name & volume

Question 48

Research or empirical article

Answer 48

An article that describes the method and results of a study.

Question 49

Result section

Answer 49

Section of a research article that presents the findings from study.

Question 50

Scholar

Answer 50

Someone with an advanced degree in a particular specialty area.

Question 51

Scholarly source

Answer 51

A source that was written by an expert or scholar, has been reviewed by other experts on the topic, and includes scientific evidence.

Question 52

Secondary source

Answer 52

Discusses evidence that has already been published elsewhere and does not include new research evidence.

Question 53

Theoretical article

Answer 53

An article that describes a theory or model, the accumulation of evidence that supports that theory or model, and any part of the theory or model for which there is insufficient evidence.