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exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Applied research

A

research designed to solve a practical problem

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2
Q

Basic research

A

research designed to expand the body of knowledge on a topic

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3
Q

Deterministic

A

all natural, social & psychological phenomena are casually determined by preceding events or natural laws

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4
Q

Empirical

A

science is based on objective, reproducible evidence & not pure reason, emotion or subjective experiences

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5
Q

Falsifiable

A

A theory or hypothesis is not scientific unless it can be proven false

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6
Q

Provisional

A

all scientific knowledge is open to further testing & revision

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7
Q

Hypothesis

A

a specific, testable prediction

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8
Q

Theory

A

a related group of empirical findings that help explain a specific phenomenon

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9
Q

Pseudoscience

A

non-scientific claims that may sound scientific, but fail to meet key criteria of scientific research

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10
Q

Dependent variable

A

the variable in a causal relationship that is hypothesized to be influenced by the independent variable

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11
Q

Independent variable

A

the variable in a causal relationship that is hypothesized to be influenced by the dependent variable

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12
Q

Scientific Method

A

the process of observing a phenomenon, asking a question ; determining what is already known about that question, constructing a hypothesis, collecting & analyzing data, reporting results & revising a theory

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13
Q

Outcome variable

A

the variable that expresses the result of an association

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14
Q

Predictor variable

A

the variable in association that is used to estimate or predict a result or outcome

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15
Q

Variable

A

a condition or characteristic that is subject to change

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16
Q

WHY STUDY RESEARCH METHODS

A
  • Appreciation of information science brings to modern life
  • Avoid falling pray to pseudoscience
  • Learn skills transferable beyond research setting
  • Learn limits to research
  • Consider research as a career
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17
Q

RESEARCH SKILLS

A
  • Critical thinking
  • Data tracking and analysis
  • Problem solving
  • Application of ethics
  • Report writing
  • Preparation & delivery of presentations
  • Locating, organizing & evaluating information from multiple sources
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18
Q

COMMON METHODS FOR ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE

A
  • Method of tenacity- believe because it seems to make sense
  • Intuition- requires little intellectual effort
  • Authority- we believe because an authority figure says it is so
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19
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE

A
  • Deterministic- all natural, social & psychological phenomena are casually determined by preceding events or natural laws
  • Empirical- objectively measurable, has reproducible evidence & is not based on pure reason, emotion, subjective experiences, or bias
  • Falsifiable- a theory or hypothesis is not scientific unless it can be tested & shown to be false
  • Provisional- a scientific theory is always open for revision. All scientific knowledge is open to further testing & revision
  • Public- knowledge that results from scientific inquiry has value independent of any economic value that may result from the research
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20
Q

RESEARCH APPROACHES

A
  • Descriptive: map out situation of events
  • Correlational: when two or more conditions or variable are measured & related to one another
  • Experimental: attempt to find cause and effect relationships

Variable types:

  • Association: predictor / outcome
  • Manipulation: independent/ dependent
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21
Q

WHERE RESEARCHERS GET THEIR IDEAS

A
  • Serendipity (kitty genovese)
  • Conflicting results (Zajonc- social facilitation)
  • An old idea that needs improving upon (Milgram)
  • Theory, a set of statements connected by a logical argument (seligam- learned helplessness & depression)
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22
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD THEORY

A

-Falsification: the variables of interest can be adequately measured & the relationships between the variables that are predicted by the theory can be shown through research to be incorrect
Ex:phrenology
-Parsimony: ideally theories should include only the minimum number of constructs & assumptions necessary to adequately explain & predict

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23
Q

APA Ethical Principles

A

General principles that serve as big picture goals to guide ethical conduct for psychologists. The APA Ethical Principles include: beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, and respect for people’s rights and dignity

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24
Q

APA Ethical Standards

A

Standards important to research include those that: ensure privacy and confidentiality, participant’s right to withdraw, informed consent, deception and debriefing, institutional review boards, and protection for nonhuman animals.

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25
Beneficence and nonmaleficence
APA Ethical Principle that mandates protection from harm, based on the welfare and rights of humans and animals.
26
Debriefing
Following a study’s completion, researchers provide participants correct information about the study’s purpose and rationale. Included in the APA Ethical Standards.
27
Deception
When the information initially provided to participants in a research study is incomplete or inaccurate in order to prevent participants from knowing the true purpose of the study. Included in the APA Ethical Standards.
28
Ethics
Set of principles agreed upon by a group
29
Informed consent
APA Ethical Standard, the Process of providing individuals enough information about participation in a research study before the start of the study to allow them to make a voluntary choice to participate.
30
Fidelity and responsibility
APA Ethical Principle that suggests that psychologists build trust, conduct their business professionally, cooperate with others, and provide responsible services.
31
institutional review boards (IRB)
Independent groups that review human subject research to ensure Ethical Standards are met.
32
Integrity
APA Ethical Principle focus on accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the work of psychologists.
33
Justice
Part of the Belmont Report and APA Ethical Principles that instructs researchers to balance selection of participants and beneficiaries of research.
34
Privacy and confidentiality
The practice of not disclosing personal information about a participant beyond what is necessary for carrying out the study.
35
Respect for people’s rights and dignity
APA Ethical Principle that emphasizes respect, dignity, and worth of individuals, independent of their differences, guaranteeing privacy and confidentiality.
36
Respect for Persons
Part of the Belmont Report that dictates researchers must treat individuals as autonomous agents and provide protection for those with diminished autonomy.
37
Right to withdraw
APA Ethical Standard that even after individuals agree to participate in research, they may opt out of the project at any point with no negative consequences.
38
Risk-benefit analysis
The procedure an (IRB) uses for deciding if the potential harm of a research study outweighs the benefits of the research outcome.
39
Self-fulfilling prophecy
When participants try to guess the true purpose of a study, they may change their response to what they think should be the answer.
40
Social desirability
When participants try to guess the true purpose of a study, they may change their response to avoid sharing something they feel may make them look bad.
41
Discussion section
Section of a research article that puts the study in context of what is already known from previous research and typically includes limitations, contributions, and implications.
42
Implications
Part of the research conclusions that describe how the study results are relevant. Found in the Discussion section
43
Introduction
First part of a research article that explains the rationale for the study and includes the study hypothesis or research question.
44
Literature review
The process of reading and synthesizing what is already known (what has been written) about a topic.
45
Method section
Section of a research article that explains how the authors conducted the study; this typically includes a description of the participants, the manipulated & measured variable(s), and the procedures for the study.
46
References
Listed at the end of a scholarly work, is the original source. Include the author names, year of publication, article title, page numbers, journal name & volume
47
Result section
Section of a research article that presents the findings from study.
48
Ethical Considerations – e.g., Milgram
-Psychological Harm and Stress – it had the potential •Informed Consent – didn’t provide this and voluntary nature was in question •Deception and Debriefing •Confidentiality
49
Sections in a research paper
* Title * Abstract * Introduction * Method * Results * Discussion * References * Appendices * Author’s Note * Footnotes * Tables * Figure Captions * Figures
50
Title
Running head: title & page number •Should identify the variables investigated and indicate their theoretical role in the study. Need: •running head (flush left, capital R and lower case h, all caps, 50 characters max.) and page number •Title – centered on page – first letter of each word capitalized – about 10-12 words •Name and affiliation - follow title and are centered Abstract •Distillation of important points covered in the body of your report. •Often limited to 960 characters or 120-150 words
51
Method
* Detailed Information about how the study was conducted. * In general, should be detailed enough for other researchers to read it and replicate in their own laboratories. * Need: * Participants * Apparatus/materials (optional) * Procedure * Analysis (optional)
52
Results
Provides a concise, yet complete, verbal description of results – along with descriptive and inferential statistics.
53
Discussion
•Serves to tie the entire report together. 1.Summarize main results with reference to original hypothesis(es) 2.Interpret results – and explain any unexpected outcomes. 3.Discuss implications of research results 4.Indicate strengths and limitations Discuss future research needs
54
Scales of measurement
1.Nominal Categories or names 2.Ordinal Categories or names Rank-order data 3.Internal Categories or names Rank-order data Equal intervals ``` 4.Ratio Categories or names Rank-order data Equal intervals Absolute zero point ```
55
Factors distinguishing C&E research
- Third variable - Control - Cause & effect - Artificiality of setting - Subject variables - Ethics - Sometimes prediction is good enough - Temporal precedent: if one is the result of another
56
Types of relationships
- Positive - Negative - Curvilinear - Zero
57
reliability - classic score model
- The reliability coefficient expresses the ratio between the true score & the total variance - X=T+E - True score is the hypothetical average of all the observed test scores that would be obtained were an individual to take the test an infinite number of times 1. reliability - consistency 2. Validity- accuracy - Rxx
58
Reliability- types
1.Test- retest reliability Coeffifincet of stability- if time interval is 6 months or more 2.Alternate or parallel forms Coefficient of equivalence 3.split - half/ internal consistency 4.Inter-rater reliability/ inter-judge/ interscorer
59
Validity- types
1. Face: does not require any systematic research, informal / casual, comes from test takers perspective 2. Content: 3. Criterion- related validity: a. Predictive b. Concurrent c. Expenctany tables 4. Construct: most comprehensive, only one not based on one study
60
Error types
1. test development 2. Test admin 3. test scoring
61
Reliability
The extent to which a measurement is consistent.
62
Split-half reliability
Consistency in participants’ performance on the first half of the test items compared to the second half of the test items.
63
Test-retest reliability
Consistency in participants’ performance when tested twice under similar condition
64
APA style
The editorial style of the social and behavioral sciences, which includes guidelines for scientific writing, including section content, organization, and formatting.
65
Internal reliability
Consistency in participants’ performance on items within a test that are intended to measure the same construct or factor.

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