ethics ppt Flashcards
(13 cards)
THE BELMONT REPORT
In response to the Tuskegee Syphilis Study
•1974 the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (which was created by the National Research Act) was established and published a set of recommendations - The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research in 1979.
1) Respect for Persons
Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents (those who can determine their goals and how to pursue them). Individuals with diminished autonomy must be protected.
2) Beneficence
•Researchers must assure the participants’ well-being. The research should cause no harm, minimize risks, and maximize benefits to individual research participants.
3) Justice
Researchers must consider the goals and impact of the research on all who stand to be affected. Participants should be selected based on the rationale for the research, and not due merely to convenience. The benefits of the research should apply equally, and not only to particular groups.
Ethical Considerations – e.g., Milgram
-Psychological Harm and Stress – it had the potential
•Informed Consent – didn’t provide this and voluntary nature was in question
•Deception and Debriefing
•Confidentiality
ASSUMPTIONS
- Scientific research offers potential benefits to society, in general, as well as to specific scientific disciplines.
- It is reasonable to expect that individuals will behave in a socially responsible manner and contribute to knowledge by participating as a subject in research.
- Subjects have basic rights when they participate & should be given sufficient info to make their decision as to whether or not they will participate
- It is the responsibility of the researcher to conduct research in such a manner as to respect subjects rights and protect them from physical and/or psychological harm.
Informed consent
participants must know they can drop out at any time. Not coercive
Sections in a research paper
- Title
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Method
- Results
- Discussion
- References
- Appendices
- Author’s Note
- Footnotes
- Tables
- Figure Captions
- Figures
Title
Running head: title & page number
•Should identify the variables investigated and indicate their theoretical role in the study.
Need:
•running head (flush left, capital R and lower case h, all caps, 50 characters max.) and page number
•Title – centered on page – first letter of each word capitalized – about 10-12 words
•Name and affiliation - follow title and are centered
Abstract
•Distillation of important points covered in the body of your report.
•Often limited to 960 characters or 120-150 words
Introduction
- Theoretical rationale, review of prior research
- Purpose – link ideas to past research; should lead to hypothesis
- Need:
- General statement about the significance of your research
- Description of past research and theory (i.e., literature review)
- Indicate exactly what hypothesis(es) are being tested or the questions being addressed.
Method
- Detailed Information about how the study was conducted.
- In general, should be detailed enough for other researchers to read it and replicate in their own laboratories.
- Need:
- Participants
- Apparatus/materials (optional)
- Procedure
- Analysis (optional)
Results
Provides a concise, yet complete, verbal description of results – along with descriptive and inferential statistics.
Discussion
•Serves to tie the entire report together.
1.Summarize main results with reference to original hypothesis(es)
2.Interpret results – and explain any unexpected outcomes.
3.Discuss implications of research results
4.Indicate strengths and limitations
Discuss future research needs
