Chapter 3-6

Question 0

What’s a species?

Answer 0

Group of organisms that breed and produce fertile offspring

Question 1

What are the levels of organization in ecology? (6)

Answer 1

Species, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

Question 2

What’s a population?

Answer 2

Group of individuals of the same species that live in the same environment

Question 3

What’s a community?

Answer 3

Different populations that live in the same defined area

Question 4

What’s an ecosystems?

Answer 4

All organisms in a place combined with the physical environment

Question 5

What’s a biome?

Answer 5

Group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms

Question 6

What’s a biosphere?

Answer 6

Consists of all life on Earth

Question 7

What’s an abiotic factor?

Answer 7

Any non living part of the environment

Question 8

Examples of abiotic factors

Answer 8

Air, sunlight, temperature, soil

Question 9

What’s a biotic factor?

Answer 9

Any living part of the environment

Question 10

Examples of biotic factors

Answer 10

Plants and animals

Question 11

What’s a tropic level?

Answer 11

Each step in a food chain

Question 12

What are the different tropic levels? (5)

Answer 12

Autotroph
First order heterotroph (herbivore)
Second order heterotroph (omnivore)
Third order heterotroph (carnivore)
Decomposers

Question 13

What’s an autotroph?

Answer 13

An organism that uses sunlight to produce food for itself and other organisms

Question 14

What’s a heterotroph?

Answer 14

Organism that must eat other organisms to acquire energy

Question 15

What’s a food chain?

Answer 15

Series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Question 16

What’s a food web?

Answer 16

Network of feeding interactions

Question 17

Whats an ecological pyramid and what are the different types?

Answer 17

Show relative amount of energy and matter in each tropic level

• Pyramid of Energy- shows amount of energy transferred
• Pyramid of Number- shows # of organisms
• Pyramid of Biomass- shows amount of living tissue

Question 18

What’s biomass?

Answer 18

The total amount of living tissue in each tropic level

Question 19

What’s a biological process that occurs in the water cycle?

Answer 19

Respiration (plants)

Question 20

What processes does CO2 go through in the carbon cycle?(3)

Answer 20

Photosynthesis, combustion, and respiration

Question 21

How is photosynthesis, burning fossil fuels, and deforestation part of the carbon cycle?

Answer 21

Photosynthesis- takes CO2 out of the atmosphere
Burning fossil fuels- puts CO2 in the atmosphere
Deforestation- takes away plants, so the CO2 has no where to go

Question 22

What do bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?

Answer 22

Soul bacteria convert fixed nitrogen into nitrites and nitrates

Question 23

Why do organisms need nutrients?

Answer 23

To survive

- gives organism energy and increases productivity

Question 24

What's a niche?

Answer 24

Range of physical and biological conditions in which an organisms lives and the way the organisms uses those conditions

Question 25

What's a habitat?

Answer 25

Area where an organism lives including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it

Question 26

What's competition?

Answer 26

Competing for resources 2 types -intraspecific (same organisms) -interspecific (different species)

Question 27

How does limited resources Ffect population and competition?

Answer 27

If resources are limited, population will be lower and there will be more competition. If there's an abundance of resources, the population can grow larger and species won't have to compete as much

Question 28

How does the predator population affect the prey population?

Answer 28

Predators affect the size of prey populations in a community and determine the places prey can live and feed

Question 29

What's symbiosis?

Answer 29

Any relationship in which two species live closely together

Question 30

What are the three types of symbiosis?

Answer 30

Parasitism- one organism helped, other harmed Mutualism- both organisms benefit Commensalism- one organism helped, other is unaffected

Question 31

What's ecological succession?

Answer 31

A series of predictable changes that occur Ina community over time

Question 32

What's the difference between primary and secondary succession?i

Answer 32

Primary: no soil, needs a pioneer species (ex:glacier movement exposes bare rock) Secondary: has soil, usually occur when there's a sever disruption in the community (ex: forest fire)

Question 33

Compare tropical grasslands and tundras (3 each)

Answer 33

``` TG -warm temperature, never falling below 60 - 20-50 in of rainfall yearly -lions,elephants, kangaroos T -freezing weather, avg. of -18 degrees Fahrenheit -6-10 in of rainfall yearly - attic fox, polar bear, caribou ```

Question 34

What's demography?

Answer 34

The scientific study of human population

Question 35

What's carrying capacity?

Answer 35

Largest number of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can support

Question 36

What factors affect population? (4)

Answer 36

Birth rates Death rates Immigration Emigration

Question 37

What's demographic transition?

Answer 37

Dramatic change from high birth rates and death rates to low birth rates and death rates

Question 38

What's exponential growth?

Answer 38

Continuous growth (J curve)

Question 39

What's logistic growth?

Answer 39

Starts then stops due to carrying capacity and demographic transition (S curve)

Question 40

What's a limiting factor?

Answer 40

Factor that controls the growth of population

Question 41

What are the density dependent limiting factors? (4)

Answer 41

Competition Predation and herbivory Parasitism and disease Stress from overcrowding

Question 42

What are density independent limiting factors? (4)

Answer 42

Natural disasters Wildfires Hurricanes Heavy rainfall

Question 43

What's an invasive species?

Answer 43

Species introduced to a new habitat (usually by humans) that disrupt the exosystem

Question 44

Why are invasive species threats to biodiversity?

Answer 44

Invasive species take over the habitat and use all the resources, driving the native species to extinction

Question 45

Examples of invasive species (2)

Answer 45

Rabbits in Australia | Asian Carp in the Illinois River

Question 46

What caused the population rate to rapidly grow?

Answer 46

The Industrial Revolution | Better living conditions and medical technology, lower death rates

Question 47

When will the human population reach its peak? What number?

Answer 47

2050 | 9 billion

Question 48

What's biodiversity?

Answer 48

The total of all the genetically based variation in all organisms in the biosphere

Question 49

Why is biodiversity important?

Answer 49

It keeps the ecosystem stable and productive | It produces medicine and helps in agriculture

Question 50

What are threats to biodiversity? (5)

Answer 50

``` Altering habitats Pollution Hunting Invasive species Climate change ```