Finals First Semester Flashcards
(122 cards)
0
Q
Metric base units for distance, volume, weight, time, and temperature
A
Distance- meters Volume- liters Weight- grams Temperature- Celsius Time- seconds
1
Q
What are the metric prefixes?
A
Kilo, hecto, deka, (base), deci, centi, milli
2
Q
Basic components of a graph
5
A
- title
- axes scaled and labeled
- unit on axes
- correct placement of variables (independent on x, dependent on y)
- points plotted
3
Q
What’s the independent variable?
A
Variable that is intentionally manipulated
4
Q
What’s the dependent variable?
A
Variable that changes in response to independent variable
5
Q
What’s a hypothesis?
A
Scientific explanation for a set of observations (can be tested)
6
Q
What’s biology?
A
The study of life
7
Q
What’s homeostasis?
A
Relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions of an organism
8
Q
What’s a stimulus?
A
Signal to which an organism responds
9
Q
Why is it important to control the variables of an experiment?
A
The scientist would be able to test one variable without the results ring affected by the change of another
- accuracy
10
Q
How do you find the magnification of a microscope?
A
Eyepiece x lens= magnification
11
Q
What are the 8 characteristics of life?
A
- Reproduce. 8. Have DNA
- Grow and develop
- Respond to environment
- Homeostasis
- Evolve
- Use energy
- Made of cells
12
Q
What are protons?
A
Positively charged subatomic particles in in atom
13
Q
What are electrons?
A
Negatively charged subatomic particles in an atom
14
Q
What are neutrons?
A
Subatomic particles in an atom with no charge
15
Q
Where are each of the subatomic particles found?
A
Protons and neutrons- in nucleus
Electrons- in electron fields
16
Q
What’s an atomic number?
A
Number of protons in an atom
17
Q
What’s atomic mass?
A
Mass of an element
Protons+neutrons
18
Q
Families on the periodic table and their valence electrons
9
A
Alkali metals- 1 Halogens- 7
Alkaline earth metals- 2 Noble Gases- 8
Transition metals- 1 or 2
Boron group- 3
Carbon- 4
Nitrogen- 5. *Helium is a noble gas, but
Oxygen- 6. Only has 2 valence electrons
19
Q
Why don’t noble gases bond well with other elements?
A
Since their outer layer of electrons is already full, they have no reason to react with other elements.
20
Q
What’s an ionic bond?
A
A bind formed by the transfer of electrons
21
Q
Properties that make water great
5
A
- polar
- adhesion and cohesion
- stores heat efficiently
- expands when frozen
- universal solvent
22
Q
What’s a covalent bind?
A
Bind formed by sharing of electrons
23
Q
Steps of the scientific method
6
A
- State the Problem
- Gather information
- Form Hypothesis
- Test Hypothesis
- Analyze Data
- Draw conclusion
24
What is cohesion?
Attraction of substances to themselves
| - cause surface tension
25
What's adhesion?
Attraction between a substance and other substances
| - causes capillary action in plants
26
What's an isotope?
An atom of an element with the same number if origins, but different amount of neutrons, resulting in a different atomic mass
27
Characteristics of acids
| 3
- low pH (below 7)
- high concentration of hydrogen ions
- sour, may burn
Ex: juices
28
Characteristics of bases
- high pH (above 7)
- low concentration of hydrogen ions
- bitter and slippery
Ex: soap
29
Properties that make carbon unique
| 2
- cohesion (forms in long chains)
| - 4 valence electrons (forms 4 strong covalent bonds(
30
Characteristics of lipids
| 3
- store long term energy
- made of C, H, and O
- saturated fats, unsaturated fats, and phospholipids
Ex: fat, starch
31
Characteristics of proteins
- build organisms
-made of C, H, O, N, S
- made of amino acids
Ex: biological: enzymes and hormones
Structural: keratin
Food: meat and beans
32
Characteristics of Nucleic acids
- form genes and make protein
- made of C, N, O, H, and P
- DNA and RNA
33
What's pH?
The concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance
| - the higher concentration there is, the lower pH it has
34
What did Robert Hooke discovered?
Discovered the first cell
35
What did Schwann do?
Discovered animals are made up of cells
36
What did Schleiden do?
Discovered plants are made of cells
37
What's the difference between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell?
Eukaryotes- have a nucleus
Ex: plants, animals
Prokaryotes- no nucleus
Ex: bacteria
38
Advantages and disadvantages of compound microscopes?
Advantage
- any size sample
Disadvantage
- details aren't as sharp
39
Function of the nucleus
Contains DNA and controls cell functions
40
Advantages and disadvantages of electron microscopes
Advantage
- sharp detail
Disadvantage
- samples must be extremely thin
- only used on non living cells
(2 types: transmission (2D) and scanning (3D)
41
Function of the vacuoles
Store water and other materials for the cell
| -larger in plant cells
42
Function of the lysosomes
Break down and recycle macromolecules and other unwanted materials
43
Function of the cytoskeleton
Maintains cell shape and helps cell move
44
Function of the centrioles
Organize cell division
45
Function of the ribosomes
Make proteins
| - location where amino acids connect into chains
46
Characteristics of carbohydrates
| 3
- provide energy
- made of C, H, and O
- disaccharides and polysaccharides
Ex: glucose, sucrose, bread
47
Function of the Golgi apparatus
Sorts and packages proteins to ship out of the cell
48
Function of the chloroplasts
Convert light into usable compounds (plant only)
49
Function of the mitochondria
Convert energy in food into usable compounds
50
Function of the cell wall
Shapes, supports, and protects the cell
| Only NOT in animal cells
51
Function of the cell membrane
Controls movement in and out of the cell
52
What organelles are found in animal cells, but not plant cells?
Lysosomes and centrioles
53
What organelles are found in plant cells, but not animal cells?
Chloroplasts and cell wall
54
What's passive transport?
Movement of materials across a cell membrane without use of energy
55
What's facilitated diffusion?
Type of passive diffusion using protein channels, usually involving larger materials
56
What's active transport?
Movement of materials across a cell membrane using energy
| -uses ATP
57
What's diffusion?
Process by which particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
58
Types of active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
-uses ion pumps
59
What's osmosis?
Diffusion of water
60
Function of the endoplasmic reticulum
Assembles proteins and lipids
61
Why does active transport require energy?
The particles move from lower to higher, so it has to go against what it's supposed do
62
What's hypertonic mean?
Above strength or more concentrated
63
What's isotonic mean?
Same strength, equal concentration
64
What's hypotonic mean?
Below strength or less concentrated
65
What happens when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?
Water will move of of the cell to try and even the concentration, causing the cell to shrivel and dry out
66
What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest?
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system
67
What happens when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
Water moves into the cell to try and even out the concentration. Cell swells
68
What's ATP and what's it do?
Adenosine triphosphate
- energy currency of the cell
- stores and releases energy
- used during active transport
Releases energy when a phosphate group is broken
69
Equation for photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O + energy ———> O2 + C6H12O6
Carbon + water+ energy = oxygen and glucose
Dioxide
70
What's required in photosynthesis?
Sunlight, water, carbon dioxide
71
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?
Photosynthesis produces oxygen,which is used during cellular respiration to produce CO2, which is used during photosynthesis. Continuous cycle
72
Which way do particles always move during diffusion?
From higher to lower
73
Products of photosynthesis
Oxygen and glucose
74
Where does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplasts
75
What three factors is photosynthesis affected by?
Temperature, light intensity, water
76
Why are plants green?
Chlorophyll, the pigment that collects sunlight, reflect green light instead of collecting it. We see the green because that's the only light chlorophyll doesn't collect
77
Pigments used during photosynthesis
Chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, carotenoids
78
Photosynthesis occurs in...
Only plant cells (along with a few algae)
79
Equation for cellular respiration
O2 + C6H12o6———> CO2 + H2O + energy
80
What's an autotroph?
An organism that produces it's own food
81
What's photosynthesis?
Process by which plants convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates
82
What's a heterotroph?
An organism that eats other organisms for energy
83
Cellular respiration occurs in...
All eukaryotic cells
84
Why do large cells divide?
- need a larger surface area to volume ratio
- too much demand for DNA
- can't provide enough for the cell
85
What must all cells do before they divide?
Replicate DNA and organelles
| Grow
86
Does a cell want a small or large volume? Why?
A cell wants a smaller volume so it has less area to provide with nutrients and move materials through
87
Does a cell want a larger or smaller surface area. Why?
A cell want a large surface area so it has more area to transport nutrients in through
88
What's sexual reproduction?
The production of non identical offspring from 2 parents
89
Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA
Eukaryotic- more than one, strand like, located in the nucleus
Prokaryotic- singular, circular, located throughout the cell
90
What's asexual reproduction?
Production of genetically identical offspring from one parent
91
What are the steps of the cell cycle?
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
92
What happens during interphase?
The "inbetween" phase of the cell cycle
G1- grow
S- replicate DNA and organelles
D2- grow
93
What happens during prophase
DNA condenses into chromatid and nuclear membrane dissolves
94
What happens during metaphase?
Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell and chromosomes line up along the centromere. Spindle fibers attach
95
What happens to volume and surface area when a cell divides?
Both decrease, but volume increases and decreases at a much faster rate than surface area
96
What happens during telophase?
Chromosomes meet at opposite ends of the cell. Each group condenses into chromatid. Nuclear membrane begins to reappear
97
What happens during cytokinesis?
Cytoplasm pinches in half. Forms two cells with identical sets of DNA
98
What phases are part of mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
99
Why do plant cells divide differently than animal cells.
Since plant cells have a cell wall, so they have to use a cell wall to help with division
100
What are internal regulators?
| Example?
Proteins that control activities and events inside the cell
| Ex: cyclin: stopping cell division if the cells not ready to divide
101
What are external regulators?
| Example?
Proteins that control activities and events outside the cell
| Ex: growth regulators speed up rate of division during healing
102
Ways a cell can die?
Accident due to damage or injury
| Apoptosis- programmed cell death
103
Common cancer treatment options
- surgery
- radiation
- chemotherapy
104
What's the difference between malignant rumors and benign tumors?
Malignant tumors are dangerous. They spread to and invade surrounding healthy tissue, which keeps them from properly functioning.
Benign tumors are harmless. They do not spread.
105
Common causes of cancer
- mutation of genes (p53)
- bad lifestyle
- genetics
106
What's cell differentiation?
The process that allows cells become specialized and multicellular organisms to be complex. Without cell differentiation, nothing could grow or change
107
What happens during anaphase?
Identical chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell.
108
What does multipotent mean?
| Example?
A cell that can turn into MANY types of cells
| Ex: adult stem cells
109
What does pluripotent mean?
| Example?
A cell that can turn into MOST types of cells
| Ex: embryonic stem cell
110
Benefits and issues with stem cell research
Benefits
- ease pain + repair or reproduce permanently damaged tissue
Issues
- highly controversial subject over the matter of life and death (embryo is destroyed during harvesting)
111
What stores hereditary information that can be used to make proteins?
DNA
112
When a cell is grown in a laboratory, what can stop it from dividing?
Contact with other cells
113
What does totipotent mean?
| Example?
A cell that can turn into ANY type of cell
| Ex: fertilized egg
114
How does cellular respiration release energy?
By breaking down food molecules
115
What does it mean for a particle to be polar?
Partial charge on one end and opposite partial charge on other end
116
What macromolecule is a sugar?
Carbohydrates
117
What macromolecule are fatty acids?
Lipids
118
What macromolecule are amino acids?
Proteins
119
What macromolecule are Nucleotides?
Nucleic acids
120
What factors affect enzyme functioning?
Temperature, shape, and pH
121
What happens when you try to mix a polar solution and a nonpolar solution?
They don't mix. Less dense liquid lays on top
