Chapter 3

Question 1

worldview

Answer 1

a psychological perception of the world that determines how we think, behave, and feel

Question 2

etic perspective

Answer 2

All of these:

1) an attempt to build theories of human behaviors by examining commonalities across many cultures
2) is a culturally universal perspective

Question 3

emic perspective

Answer 3

all of these:

1) an attempt to derive meaningful concepts within one culture
2) is the indigenous and cultural psychology approach to investigation
3) is a culturally specific perspective

Question 4

imposed etics

Answer 4

the imposition of one culture’s worldview on another culture, assuming that one’s own worldviews are universal

Question 5

delay of gratification

Answer 5

the ability to wait for a more desirable reward instead of taking a less desirable reward immediately

Question 6

well-meaning clashes

Answer 6

cultural differences that are not meant to harm others but that cause problems because there are different emic interpretations of situations or concepts

Question 7

Research suggests that the notion of worldview is complex, even in examining just two major cultures compared with each other. The analysis suggested that there were seven major dimensions distinguishing the 1800 participants of African and European ancestry. They are

Answer 7

materialistic universe; spiritual immortality; communalism; indigenous values; tangible realism; knowledge of self; and spiritualism

Question 8

individualism

Answer 8

a social pattern in which individuals tend to be motivated by their own preferences, needs, and rights when they come into conflict with the preferences, needs, and rights of a group or collective in which the individual is a member

Question 9

collectivism

Answer 9

a social pattern in which individuals tend to be motivated by the group’s or collective’s preferences, needs, and rights when they come into conflict with the preferences, needs, and rights of an individual. Foe example, family, co-workers, tribe, nation

Question 10

idiocentrism

Answer 10

individualistic tendencies that reside within an individual. Individualism refers to the society, whereas idiocentrism refers to an individual

Question 11

allocentrism

Answer 11

collectivistic tendencies that reside within an individual. Collectivism refers to the society, whereas allocentrism refers to an individual

Question 12

countercultural individuals

Answer 12

idiocentric individuals residing in a collectivistic culture or allocentric individuals residing in a individualistic culture

Question 13

masculine-feminine dimension

Answer 13

a continuum of authority from hierarchical (masculine) to egalitarian (feminine)

Question 14

guilt

Answer 14

a prominent negative emotion in individualistic cultures that involves an individual’s sense of personal regret for having engaged in a negative behavior

Question 15

shame

Answer 15

a prominent negative emotion in collectivistic cultures that involves an individual’s sense of regret for having engaged in a negative behavior that reflects badly on his or her family and/or upbringing

Question 16

losing face/saving face

Answer 16

loss of face involves being publicly revealed for negative behavior; face saving involves involves being able to protect one’s public persona.

Question 17

face giving/giving face

Answer 17

extolling the virtues of another person in public. It would be considered boastful and individualistic if the individual did this himself/herself

Question 18

Weird acronym stands for

Answer 18

Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

Question 19

time focus

Answer 19

an orientation that values a particular time perspective. Some cultures value the past, some value the present, and some value the future. Although all cultures value all three, some cultures value one of these perspectives more than do other cultures

Question 20

human activity

Answer 20

the distinction among being, being and in becoming, and doing. Being refers to an individual’s being accepted just as she or he is. Being and in becoming refers to an individual’s evolving into something different and presumably better. Doing refers to an individual’s being valued for the activity in which he or she is engaged

Question 21

social relations

Answer 21

the distinction among lineal, collateral, and individualistic. Lineal orientation is a respect for the hierarchy within one’s family. Collateral orientation is essentially the same as collectivism. Individualistic orientation is the same as individualism

Question 22

people/nature relationship

Answer 22

how people relate to nature., be it subjugated to nature, in harmony with nature, or mastery over nature

Question 23

subjugation to nature

Answer 23

refers to one’s submission to external forces, such as God, faith, and biology.

Question 24

harmony with nature

Answer 24

suggests that people should try to be in harmony with nature, allowing nature to be dominant in some circumstances and trying to overcome nature in other circumstances.

Question 25

mastery of nature

Answer 25

refers to trying to conquer and control nature

Question 26

locus of control

Answer 26

the focus of control over the outcomes of one's life, be it internal or external control

Question 27

locus of responsiblity

Answer 27

the focus of responsibility for one's position in life, be it internal feelings of responsibility or external, societal responsibility

Question 28

Locus of control and locus of responsibility dimensions vary along an

Answer 28

internal-external continuum. Thus, a person can have an internal locus of control, an external locus of control, an internal locus of responsibility, and an external locus of responsibility. When crossed, these two dimensions yield four forms of worldview

Question 29

People with internal locus of control and an internal locus of responsibility (IC - IR) worldview, or Quadrant 1 in Sue's worldview model

Answer 29

believe that they have control over their lives and that their positions in life are based on their own attributes. This is the dominant view in the United States. We can control our own lives because of our abilities. The American dream is based on this worldview. Those who fail may fall victim to problems such as depression and guilt because they believe that they have no one but themselves to blame for their failures.

Question 30

People with external locus of control and internal locus of responsibility (EC - IR) worldview, or Quadrant 2 in Sue's worldview model

Answer 30

have little control over their lives, yet accept the dominant society's view that they are responsible for their position. They feel caught between the two worlds, yet they do not see racism as having any relevance to their position in life (also known as marginal man)

Question 31

marginal man

Answer 31

Stonequist's concept of how one feels when one is caught between the two worlds

Question 32

People with external locus of control and external locus of responsibility, or Quadrant 3 in Sue's worldview model

Answer 32

have little control over their lives and feel that the dominant societal system is against them. This is a recipe for disaster, and individuals often give up trying to succeed. Seligman's notion of learned helplessness is often associated with this quadrant. This concept suggests that people can become depressed because they have learned that no matter what they do, something will happen, or that they cannot predict their environment, so lives seems meaningless. When a system of racism constantly assaults people, they often give up and develop a worldview in which they are powerless to make changes

Question 33

People with internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility (IC - ER), or Quadrant 4 in Sue's worldview model

Answer 33

believe that they have strong personal abilities and could control their lives if the system of oppression and racism were not preventing them from realizing their full potential. These individuals take pride in their ethnicities and strongly identify with their own ethnicity and that of others who see the injustices in the world

Question 34

Perloff found that individuals who felt least vulnerable prior to being victimized expressed the most difficulty in coping with the negative life events, while those who felt most vulnerable had

Answer 34

the least difficulty coping with their victimization

Question 35

ALANA

Answer 35

Helm's acronym for African Americans, Latinxs, Asian Americans, and Native Americans

Question 36

VREG

Answer 36

Helm's acronym for members of visible racial/ethnic groups

Question 37

White ethnics

Answer 37

individuals whose families have recently emigrated from Europe or held on to their country-of-original identification

Question 38

What distinguishes European American ethnics from ALANAs or VREGs?

Answer 38

European American ethnics can blend into society and be indistinguishable from European Americans who have been in the country for several generations. However, ALANAs cannot blend this way because their physical features (i.e. skin color, hair texture, shape of eyes) distinguish them from European American population

Question 39

heterosexism

Answer 39

discrimination by heterosexuals against nonheterosexuals