chapter 3 Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
what are the 2 major divisions of the nervous sytem?
A
central and peripheral
2
Q
what is the CNS?
A
brain and spinal cord
3
Q
what is the PNS?
A
somatic and autonomic
4
Q
where is the PNS located?
A
outside the brain and spinal cord
5
Q
what is the somatic nervous system composed of?
A
voluntary movements using afferent and efferent nerves
6
Q
what is the autonomic nervous system composed of ?
A
involuntary bodily responses with afferent and efferent nerves
7
Q
sympathetic nervous system is also called?
A
fight or flight response
8
Q
afferent nerves of autonomic
A
sensory information on state of organs
9
Q
afferent nerves of somatic nervous system
A
brings sensory information into the CNS
10
Q
efferent nerves of the somatic nervous system
A
carries out motor functions of the CNS
11
Q
autonomic nervous system acts on
A
smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscles
12
Q
where does the sympathetic autonomic system affect in the CNS?
A
thoracoulmbar
13
Q
where does the parasympathetic autonomic affect in the CNS?
A
craniosacral
14
Q
where are the ganglia of the sympathetic system?
A
close to the spinal cord in a chain
15
Q
where are the ganglia of the parasympathetic?
A
close to the target organs
16
Q
how long are the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic?
A
long
17
Q
how long are the postganglionic fibres in the parasympathetic?
A
short
18
Q
cranial nerves
A
- 12 pairs in the periphery that originate on ventral surface of the brain instead of the spinal cord
19
Q
describe the cranial nerves
A
mostly olfactory and optic sensory nerves, some autonomic, motor and sensory
20
Q
describe autonomic motor cranial nerves
A
parasympathetic
21
Q
what protects the CNS?
A
- 3 layers of meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, encased in bone
22
Q
what is the dura mater?
A
- hard outer layer of meninges that restricts movement within the skull.
23
Q
what do the sinus do in the dura mater?
A
- drains deoxy blood and cerebrospinal fluid waste
24
Q
arachnoi mater
A
-2nd layer
25
subarachnoid space
- contains cerebrospinal fluid and large blood vessels
26
PIA mater
- adheres to the surface of the CNS and encloses it
27
what are the locations of the cerebrospinal fluid?
-subarachnoid space, central canal, ventricles
28
central canal
channel that runs the length of spinal cord
29
hydrocephalus
water pressure buildup or tumor obstructing channel of CSF
30
what does the cerebrospinal fluid help with?
shock absorption, support and cushioning
31
ventircles
large internal chambers that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
32
where is the cerebrospinal fluid made?
choroid plexus of ventricles
33
choroid plexus
capillary networks that protrude into ventricles via pia mater
34
what does the CSF clean?
Metabolites and toxins
35
Blood Brain Barrier
highly packed cells surrounding blood vessels, epithelial, and glial cells that keeps the CNS physiologically separated from the PNS
36
what does the BBB do?
keeps molecules out of the brain using semi permeable transport mechanisms to maintain electrochemical homeostasis
37
How is the BBB broken down?
high blood pressure, high concentrations of non-permeable molecules through drug effects, brain injury or disease, infection, microwaves, and radiation
38
when is the BBB not formed
at birth
39
what are the cells of the nervous system
neurons, glia, and satellite cells
40
what are neurons?
specialized cells for electrochemical signals, reception, conduction, and transmission
41
how are neurons classified?
by the number of structures emanating from cell body
42
nerve fibre
nerve process (axon or dendrite)
43
nerve
bundle of axon fibres in PNS
44
Tract
bundle of axon fibres in CNS
45
ganglion
cluster of neuronal cell bodies in PNS
46
nucleus
cluster of neuronal cell bodies in PNS
47
what are the major types of glia?
astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes
48
what are astrocytes
largest glia cells with 9 substance and star shaped
49
what do astrocytes do?
provide metabolic support to neurons, clean up NT's, signal NT's hold neurons in place, regulate ions in extracellular space, regulate blood flow, form the BBB
50
what do astrocytes do to help synapse?
rearrange, control, establish, and maintain
51
astrocyte synctium
connected by gap junctions, dwelling place of thoughts
52
what do microglia do?
macrophage, multiply in response to injury/ disease, regulate cell death, active immune defense, synaptic plasticity
53
what are oligodendrocytes?
myelin-rich extensions that wrap around axons in the CNS
54
what does the myelin sheath do?
speed conduction, nourish, axons, white matter in brain, necessary for complex nerve interactions, occurs for 20 years postnatally
55
what are Schwann cells?
myelin cells of the PNS that guides regeneration and only wraps around one axon segment
56
what is the myelin sheath composed of?
fast and proteins
57
how is the myelin formed?
synthesized by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells to induce saltatory conduction and provide nutrients
58
loss of myelin leads to what?
multiple sclerosis
59
anterior
nose or front
60
posterior
tail or back
61
dorsal
top of head
62
ventral
bottom of head
63
medial
midline
64
lateral
away from midline
65
function of spinal cord
links brain to body and body to brain
66
what are the nerve roots of the spinal cord?
dorsal and ventral
67
dorsal root
sensory afferent nerves that are unipolar
68
ventral root
motor efferent nerves that are multipolar
69
what are the 4 regions of the spinal cord?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
70
internal structure of spinal cord
white matter in periphery, grey matter in middle
71
white matter
myelinated axons
72
grey matter
unmyelinated cell bodies
73
what are the 4 main columns of the spinal cord?
dorsal horn, ventral horn, lateral horn, intermediate column
74
dorsal horn
somatosensory nuclei
75
ventral horn
motor neurons, dendrites, and cell bodies, innervate skeletal muscles or internal organs
76
intermediate column
automatic nerves innervate visceral and pelvic organs
77
myelencephalon
medulla and origin of reticular formation
78
medulla
ascending and descending tracts at core
79
reticular formation
composes core of hindbrain and midbrain and is a nuclei of arousal system
80
metencephalon
ascending and descending tracts, cerebellum, pons
81
cerebellum
sensorimotor coordination, maintains fine motor skills, role in cognition, language, attention
82
pons
swelling on ventral surface of brain stem that contains reticular formation and transfers information between the brainstem and the cerebellum
83
Mesencephalon
midbrain that contains the tectum and tegmentum
84
tectum
superior colliculi (visuomotor), inferior colliculi
85
tegnmentum contains
reticular formation, red nucleus, substantia nigra, periaqueductal gray
86
red nucleus
sensorimotor, motor coordination, hemoglobin and ferratin
87
substantia nigra
sensorimotor, reward, addiction, and movement, melanin
88
periaqueductal gray
analgesia, defensive behaviour, gate control theory of pain
89
how does the gate control theory of pain work
releases endorphins and dense endorphin receptors
90
the diencephalon is composed of what?
thalamus, hypothalamus
91
what is the thalamus composed of?
sensory relay nuclei in two lobes
92
what is the lateral geniculate nuclei for?
sensory relay in thalamus for vision
93
what is the medial geniculate nucleus for?
sensory relay in the thalamus for audition
94
what is the ventral posterior nucleus for?
sensory relay for touch
95
what is the hypothalamus composed of?
pituitary gland, mammillary bodies, optic chiasm
96
what does the pituitary gland do?
releases hormones
97
what doe hormones do?
modulate behaviours of stress, reproduction, feeding etc
98
what is the telencephalon composed of ?
cerebral hemispheres with cortex convolutions, limbic system, and the basal ganglia
99
what separates the cerebral hemispheres
longitudinal fissure called the corpus callosum
100
what are gyri?
hills on the cortex
101
what are sulci?
valleys on the cortex
102
what is the precentral gyri?
primary motor cortex
103
what is the postcentral gyri?
primary somatosensory cortex
104
what is the superior temporal gyri for?
auditory
105
what is the neocortex?
6 layers of cortex with columnar organization
106
what neuron make up the neocortex?
pyramidal neurons and stellate neurons
107
what are pyramidal neurons?
large, multipolar neurons
108
what are stellate neurons?
interneurons that are small and star shaped
109
what is the limbic system for?
regulation of motivated behaviours: 3 F's
110
what is primitive cortex composed of?
hippocampus and cingulate cortex
111
what is the amygdala for?
emotional memory, fear and anger
112
what is the basal ganglia for?
voluntary motor control, procedural learning
113
what is the best ganglia composed of?
amygdala, nucleus accumbens, striatum, globus pallidus
114
what is the nucleus accumbens for?
reinforcement learning, drug and reward learning
115
what is the striatum composed of?
caudate nucleus and putamen
116
what is the dura
first layer of the meninges though matter, restrict movement within in skull
117
what is the arachnoid matter?
second layer of meninges web like has subarachnoid space right below it
contains cerebrospinal fluid and large blood vessels
118
what is the pia matter?
third layer of meninges
delicate
adheres to surface of CNS
maintain oxygen level in brain
119
BBB allows ____ soluble materials to pass
lipid
120
water can or cannot cross the BBB?
cannot
121
children have reflexes that adults do not because their axons are not ____ yet
myelinated
122
sympathetic nerves are located in the ___ region of the spinal cord
thoracolumbar
123
parasympathetic nerves are located in the ___ region of the spinal cord
craniosacral
124
location of parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglias
parasympathetic - close to target organs
| sympathetic- close to spinal cord
125
lengths of postganglionic fibres of parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways
parasympathetic - short
| sympathetic - long
126
which one has more branches postganglionic fibres - parasympathetic or sympathetic?
sympathetic
127
damage to medulla produces ___ chances of survival
low
128
ipsilateral means
same side
129
contralateral means
opposite side
130
hydrocephalus
overflow of CSF in Brain
131
what do the ventricles in the brain do
produce CSF
132
ways to break the BBB
```
high BP
birth defect
high concentration of non permeable molecules
injury
infection
radiation
```
133
2 main types of cells in the nervous sytem
neurons and glial cells
134
multipolar neurons
a neutron with more than 2 processes extending from its soma
135
unipolar neuron
neuron with one process extending from its soma
136
bipolar neurons
neuron with 2 processes extending from its soma
137
what do microglia do?
acts as macrophages, multiple in response to injury/ disease
active immune defense
fast acting
138
why do microglia ac as an immune defense when there are antibodies in the brain
because antibodies can't pass the BBB
139
coronal plane
from ear to ear
140
sagittal plane
from nose to back of head
141
axial (transverse plane)
upper and lower halves
142
what structures are present in the diencephalon
```
thalamus
hypothalamus
sensory relay nuclei
mammillary bodies
optic chiasm
```
143
when looked at from above, what shape does the spinal cord look like
butterfly
144
where is white matter found in the spinal cord
in periphery of butterfly shape
145
where is grey matter found in the spinal cord
in the middle of the butterfly shape
146
in lower regions of the spinal cord, what happens to the ratio of grey matter to white matter
it increases
147
what are the 4 columns of the spinal cord (not the 4 bone regions)
dorsal horn
ventral horn
lateral horn
intermediate horn
148
what are the 5 major divisions of the brain
```
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
```
149
what is an analogy for gyri and sulci/ fissures
gyri are hills
| sulci/fissures are valleys
150
what separates the frontal and parietal lobe
central fissure
151
what separates the temporal lobe from the other lobes
lateral fissure
152
what separates the two hemispheres of the brain
longitudinal fissure
153
where is the precentral gyri and what does it do
present in frontal lobe acts as primary motor cortex
154
where is the postcentral gyri located and what does it do
in parietal lobe
| acts as primary somatosensory cortex
155
where is the superior temporal cortex located and what does it do
in temporal lobe, it acts as an auditory cortex
156
functions of hippocampus
spatial learning and memory
157
functions of cingulate cortex
receives input from thalamus and neocortex
158
what structures are present in the primitive cortex of the limbic system
hippocampus
| cingulate cortex
159
what are the subcortical structures present in the limbic system
amygdala
fornix
septum
mammillary bodies
160
what is the amygdala involved with?
emotional memory
| fear and anger
161
what is the kluver-bucy syndrome and what causes it
- caused my malfunction of amygdala characterized by inappropriate sexual beahviour
162
what does the fornix do
acts as tract for white matter
163
what is basal ganglia
network of structures important for voluntary movement and procedural learning
164
what are the cortical structures involved in the basal ganglia
amygdala
nucleus accumbens
striatum (caudate nucleus+ putamen)
globus pallidus
165
the basal ganglia is part of the ___ system
limbic
166
what structures are present in the primitive cortex of the limbic system
hippocampus
| cingulate cortex
167
what kind of cells form the BBB?
astrocytes
168
the stellate calls in the fourth layer of the neocortex specialize in
receiving sensory signals from the thalamus
