Chapter 3: A&P Of Reproductive Systems

Question 1

External female reproductive organs are collectively called what?

Answer 1

Vulva

Question 2

What components make up the vulva?

Answer 2

The structures that make up the vulva include the mons pubis, the labia majora and minora, the clitoris and prepuce, the structures within the vestibule, and the perineum

Question 3

What is the Mons Pubis and what purpose does it serve?

Answer 3

The mons pubis is the elevated, rounded, fleshy prominence made up of fatty tissue that overlays the symphysis pubis

It helps protect the pubic symphysis during sexual intercourse

Question 4

There are two parts to the labia, what are they?

Answer 4

Labia majora and labia minora

Question 5

What purpose does the labia majora serve?

Answer 5

Their function is to protect the vaginal opening and provide cushioning during sexual activity.

Question 6

What purpose does the labia minora serve?

Answer 6

They lubricate the vulva, swell in response to stimulation, and are highly sensitive.

Question 7

What make sex organ is similar to the clitoris?

Answer 7

The head of the penis

Question 8

What is the purpose of the clitoris?

Answer 8

Sexual simulation

Question 9

What is the opening to the vagina called?

Answer 9

Introitus

Question 10

Bartholin glands excrete what and what does this help with?

Answer 10

Excrete mucous that help lubricate during intercourse

Question 11

What do the Skene Glands excrete?

Answer 11

Mucous and this helps lubricate the passage of urine

Question 12

Describe the way the ovum is moved from the ovaries to the fallopian tubes

Answer 12

Through ciliary action and peristaltic contraction

Question 13

What important role does colostrum have in the development of the baby?

Answer 13

Colostrum is a thick yellow fluid that contains maternal antibodies. Especially immunoglobulin A

Question 14

What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?

Answer 14

Follicular
Ovulation
Luteal Phase

Question 15

Purpose of the Follicular phase?

Answer 15

To grow and mature follicles and to produce an ovum for fertilization

Question 16

What are the days when follicular phase takes place?

Answer 16

Day 1 - Day 14

Question 17

What structure starts the follicular phase?

Answer 17

The hypothalamus

Question 18

What does the hypothalamus release?

Answer 18

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Question 19

What does GnRH do?

Answer 19

Influences the anterior pituitary gland to release Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) + Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Question 20

What is the Ovulation phase?

Answer 20

This is where the mature follicle releases the mature oocyte

Question 21

What causes the mature follicle to rupture to release the mature oocyte?

Answer 21

A surge in LH from the pituitary gland

Question 22

How does the cervix prepare itself while ovulation is happening?

Answer 22

The cervix produces thin, clear, stretchy mucus that can help capture the sperm and nourish it so that it can travel up to meet the ovum for fertilization

Question 23

Ovulation always takes place at what day in the menstruation cycle?

Answer 23

Day 14

Question 24

What days does the Luteal Phase take place in?

Answer 24

Day 15-28

Question 25

What happens to the follicle after it ruptures and release the egg?

Answer 25

It closes and forms a corpus luteum

Question 26

What is the corpus luteum?

Answer 26

A structure that releases estrogen and progesterone

Question 27

Why does the corpus luteum release progesterone and estrogen?

Answer 27

To help the endometrium beef up and get ready to receive the fertilized egg in hopes of implantation. Also acts a as a negative feedback loop to inhibit more release of FSH and LH to stop the menstruation cycle

Question 28

If no fertilization happens, the corpus luteum destroys itself. What happens after this?

Answer 28

The levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease, causing the endometrium to go involution and in addition FSH and LH start to surge

Question 29

What does the proliferative phase correspond to and why?

Answer 29

Proliferative phase correpsonds to the follicular phase. This happens because the as the follicles start to mature, they release estrogen + progesterone and this helps the endometrium increase in thickness

Question 30

What days does the proliferative phase start and last until?

Answer 30

Day 5 up until ovulation (think about just the uterus getting ready to catch the egg)

Question 31

What is the secretory phase?

Answer 31

Under the influence of the corpus luteum, the endometrium becomes thickened and more vascular (growth of spiral arteries)

Question 32

What does the secretory phase align with from the ovarian cycle?

Answer 32

The luteal phase (day 15-28)

Question 33

What is the ischemic phase and how does it get started?

Answer 33

If fertilization does not happen, then the corpus luteum will start to degenerate causing a decrease in estrogen and progesterone. This causes the endometrium's arterioles to spasm and the basal layer goes through ischemia

Question 34

Ischemia leads to ...

Answer 34

Shedding of the endometrium

Question 35

How does the menstrual phase begins

Answer 35

Since no fertilization happened, the ischemia phase begins and the spiral arteries rupture and this releases blood into the uterus and the sloughing of the endometrium lining begins

Question 36

What role do prostglandins play in the menstruation cycle?

Answer 36

Although not hormones, the play a role in helping the mature follicle (called the graafian follicle) in freeing the ovum inside of it

Question 37

What does the vestibule contain?

Answer 37

The vestibule is an oval area enclosed by the labia minora laterally. It is inside the labia minora and outside of the hymen and is perforated by six openings. Opening into the vestibule are the urethra from the urinary bladder, the vagina, and two sets of glands, the Bartholin and Skene glands.

Question 38

How long is the lifespan of the ovum

Answer 38

Only about 24 hours

Question 39

At what age does menopause occur?

Answer 39

47-55

Question 40

During pregnancy, placental hormones stimulate the development of the breasts. What are the two hormones responsible for this?

Answer 40

Estrogen + progesterone

Question 41

What tissue replaces the adipose tissue of the breasts during preparation for milk production

Answer 41

Glandular tissue