Chapter 3: Acid- base reactions

Question 1

What is a Brønsted–Lowry acid?

Answer 1

is a substance that can donate (or lose) a proton

Question 2

What is a Brønsted–Lowry base?

Answer 2

is a substance that can accept (or remove) a proton

Question 3

What is a conjugate base?

Answer 3

when an acid loses its proton

Question 4

What is a conjugate acid?

Answer 4

The molecule or ion that forms when a base accepts a proton?

Question 5

What are some strong acids that completely transfers electrons when in water?

Answer 5

hydrogen iodide, hydrogen bromide, and sulfuric acid

Question 6

What are specter ions?

Answer 6

Compounds that play no part in the chemical reaction

Question 7

What do curved arrows illustrate?

Answer 7

They show the direction of electron flow in a reaction mechanism

Question 8

What is carbonation?

Answer 8

an ion with a negatively charged carbon ion, lewis acids

Question 8

What is carbonanions?

Answer 8

an ion with a negatively charged carbon ion, lewis base

Question 9

A nucleophile is

Answer 9

a Lewis base that seeks a positive center

Question 10

What are electrophiles?

Answer 10

Electrophiles are reagents that seek electrons.

Question 11

When does bond length increases?

Answer 11

• as the molecule has more shells the longer the bond length
• As you get lower in Pka the acid becomes more acidic

Question 12

relationship between acidity and bond

Answer 12

the stronger the x-H bond the weaker the acid

Question 13

Does acidity increase/decrease when going down the periodic table?

Answer 13

increase

Question 14

Does basicity increase/decrease going up the periodic table?

Answer 14

increase

Question 15

Does acidity increase/decrease going across the periodic table?

Answer 15

increase

Question 16

The relationship of the hybridization helps us do what?

Answer 16

To determine how acidic a molecule is

Having more s character ( percentage) means that the anion will be lower in energy and more stable

Question 17

Inductive effects

Answer 17

• are electronic effects transmitted through bonds
• can be electron donating or withdrawing

Question 18

Relationship between inductive effects and acidic groups

Answer 18

they become weaken as molecule becomes more acidic

Question 19

When adding a halogen atom to a molecule does it become less or more acidic?

Answer 19

More acidic because the pka decreases

Question 20

What is a Resonance effect?

Answer 20

Increases stability of an molecule

Question 21

How to determine if a molecule is acidic?

Answer 21

1. Write the molecule is its conjugate bases form
2. Atom: Where is the charge located?
3. Resonance: Can you delocalize the charge with resonance?
4. Inductive effect: Which is stronger more electronegative?
5. Orbital effect: Which one has a higher hybridization?

Question 22

The relationship between Ka and acidity ?

Answer 22

a large value of Ka
means the acid is a strong acid and a small value of Ka means the acid is a weak acid.

Question 23

The relationship between pka and acidity?

Answer 23

The larger the value of the pKa, the weaker is the acid.

Question 24

The relationship between conjugate acids and their bases

Answer 24

The stronger the acid, the weaker will be its conjugate base.

Question 25

The theory of under equilibrium control

Answer 25

acid-base reactions: . The weaker acid and weaker base are more stable (lower in potential energy) than the stronger acid and stronger base.

Question 26

What is the relationships between potential energy and stability?

Answer 26

The more potential energy a molecule has the less stable it is

Question 27

What do bonds hold?

Answer 27

Potential energy

Question 28

negative change of H is

Answer 28

exothermic

Question 29

Positive change of H is

Answer 29

endothermic

Question 30

The relationship between potential energy and covalent bonds?

Answer 30

The more of covalent bonds are formed the less potential energy there is

Question 31

For a reaction to favor the formation of products when equilibrium is reached

Answer 31

it must have a negative value for ∆G°.

Question 32

For the formation of products at equilibrium to be unfavorable

Answer 32

reactions with a positive ∆G

Question 33

Gibbs free energy will always have the same sign as and opposite of

Answer 33

ethaply and entropy

Question 34

If an organic compound contains an atom with an unshared electron pair...

Answer 34

it is a potential base

Question 35

Most carboxylic acids containing more than 5 carbons are .... in water but .... in aq NaOH

Answer 35

1. insoluble 2. Soluble