chapter 3 adaptations

Question 1

how are virusses adapted?

Answer 1

very small microbe
reproduce in living cells of other organisms
20-300nm
ultramicroscopic: electron microscope
largest 500nm
human red blood cell: 6000-8000nm
infect: infect host cell first

Question 2

what diseases can viruses cause in humans?

Answer 2

ebola, chicken pox, measles, influenza, HIV, Hepatitis B

Question 3

what diseases can viruses cause in animals?

Answer 3

rabies, foot-and-mouth disease, bird/swine flu

Question 4

what is the structure of a virus?

Answer 4

non-cellular; no cell contents
core: strand genetic material RNA/DNA (depends on nature and function)
core enclosed in protein coat/capsid (capsomeres/capsomere)

Question 5

movement?

Answer 5

action:change position/place

Question 6

respiration?

Answer 6

break down substances in cells to release energy

Question 7

sensitivity?

Answer 7

detect stimuli in the environment, respond

Question 8

growth?

Answer 8

permanently increase in size

Question 9

reprduction?

Answer 9

produce offspring

Question 10

excretion?

Answer 10

metablic substances, excess/toxic substances

Question 11

nutrition?

Answer 11

nutrients from surroundings: energy, growth, development

Question 12

structural adaptations?

Answer 12

physical features

Question 13

behavioral adaptations?

Answer 13

do to survive

Question 14

Kingdom plantae?

Answer 14

multicellular
eukaryotic
chlorophyll
cell walls - cellulose
grow - cell devision
organ
sexual+asexual
autotrophic

Question 15

flowering plants?

Answer 15

angiosperms
most diverse
flowers - fruit

Question 16

Mollusca structural?

Answer 16

skin permanently moist+retraction
slimy muscular foot - move ez
glands in foot secrete mucus
patterns, colours, shapes - camouflage
tentacles - smell, sight, taste
radula scrape pieces food

Question 17

Mollusca behavioral?

Answer 17

aestivate: cover mouth of shell with dried mucus membrane

withdraw into shell threatened

Question 18

Annelida structural?

Answer 18

no legs - move through tunnels
chaetae - bristly hairs, grip, traction, move easier
fluid-like skeleton (hydrostatic) keeps shape
muscular structure: strength push through soil
mucus on skin-protects

Question 19

Annelida behavioral?

Answer 19

hot/dry: coil into tight ball, excrete mucus: reduce water loss, slowing metabolic rate.
vibration underground, move to surface
sensitive to light, above ground night
lose moisture through skin, move to surface is soil wet

Question 20

structural athropoda insecta?

Answer 20

exoskeleton, waterproof cuticle
wings
colours-camouflage
small, not require much food

Question 21

behavioral athropoda insecta?

Answer 21

multiply rapidly in numbers

Question 22

structural crustacea?

Answer 22

exoskeleton
pinchers/claws
shed claw to escape
antennae
some modified gills - can live land

Question 23

behavioral crustacea?

Answer 23

segments - crawl into ball
flat body - crawl tight spot
males protect, mate with females when moult
large colonies crowd together - protection

Question 24

Arachnida structural?

Answer 24

chelicerae: poison fangs inject venom
some pinchers
8 legs - move quickly

Question 25

Arachnida behavioral?

Answer 25

spin sticky traps | developed camouflage colours

Question 26

Myriapoda structural?

Answer 26

poison claws paralyze prey (centipedes) strong mouthparts - eat,grind exoskeleton reduce water loss

Question 27

Myriapoda behavioural?

Answer 27

coil up, threatened; protect legs, expose armor many short strong legs, good for burrowing special secretions: decay plants/leaves, scrape away with mouth/jaw nocturnal warning colourants-wards of predators large centipedes: painful bite with poison claws millipedes: roll tight spiral, aggravated, secrete smelly, foul-tasting liquid -> drives off predators

Question 28

Bony fish structural?

Answer 28

streamlined body scales overlap, face back -> reduce friction fins swim bladder: gas filled sac, helps keep buoyant flexible vertebral column - manoeuvre side-side operculum: protect gills lateral line: series sensory organs help sense vibrations, water pressure -> navigate, locate prey

Question 29

cartilaginous fish?

Answer 29

cartilage: lighter/flexible pointed snout, tail: reduce water resistance shark lose tooth, new one dark with pale bellies: camouflage lack air filled bladder buoyancy assisted producing low density oil in liver

Question 30

amphibia structural?

Answer 30

smooth, mucus - prevent drying nostrils top head - rest body under breathe eyes covered with transparent membranes skin for gaseous exchange - dissolved O2 tadpoles (gills) -> metamorphosis -> lungs powerful hind legs camouflage

Question 31

amphibia behavioral?

Answer 31

masses eggs ensure survival close to water, damp places, nocturnal, underground some release toxins from skin, ward off predators

Question 32

reptilia structural?

Answer 32

dry scaly skin - minimize water loss, protection | eggs tough, leathery - resist waterloss, protect

Question 33

reptilia behavioral?

Answer 33

day: sunny to regulate body temp night: if day hot, active night when cooler aestivate: when hot, move into deep cool places, live off body fat. hibernate: eat a lot before, layer fat, food during not return to water when breed - fertilization more succesful, less gametes needed to reproduce

Question 34

Aves structural?

Answer 34

``` hollow bones streamlined body speed catch prey, wings place to place efficient heart/circulatory system, lung + air sac gaseous exchange system, water conserving excretion system feathers trap air - insulation endothermic ```

Question 35

Aves behavioral?

Answer 35

parental care until fend for self | migration

Question 36

Mammalia structural?

Answer 36

fur/hair traps air - insulation striped/spot - camouflage cold climates - thick fur, layer fat desert: scpecial adapted kidneys/sweat glands - survive little water available big ears - dissipation sharp teeth some have storage of fats, metabolised into water sweat glands, produce sweat, lower body temp mammary glands with milk

Question 37

Mammalia behavioral?

Answer 37

bear few offspring - easy care for highly developed parental care hibernation/aestivation - conserve energy when food scarce