Chapter 3: Bio 012

Question 1

What are the organic molecules of life & what are they built on?

Answer 1

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

Built on a framework of CARBON ATOMS

Question 2

What are the subunits of macromolecules? (Usually)

Answer 2

Monomers

Question 3

___ may be broken apart in order to generate energy for the cell

Answer 3

Polymers

Question 4

Metabolism:

Answer 4

• activities by which cells acquire & use energy to construct, rearrange & split organic molecules

Question 5

What does metabolism allow cells to do?

Answer 5

• live
• grow
• reproduce

Question 6

What are enzymes?

Answer 6

Proteins that increase the speed of a reaction without being used up in the reaction

Question 7

What are the two types of reactions?

Answer 7

• Condensation/dehydration synthesis

- Hydrolysis

Question 8

What do condensation reactions involve?

Answer 8

The covalent bonding of two (or more) molecules

Question 9

What is formed as a product through condensation reactions?

Answer 9

Water

Question 10

What is the reverse reaction of condensation?

Answer 10

Hydrolysis

Question 11

What are hydrolysis reactions?

Answer 11

Cleavage reactions in which larger molecules are split into smaller molecules and water is split as well

Question 12

What are hydrocarbons?

Answer 12

Organic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

Question 13

What is established by functional groups?

Answer 13

Special properties of biological molecules

Question 14

What is the ratio of carbon:hydrogen:oxygen

Answer 14

1:2:1

Question 15

What are monosaccharides? examples

Answer 15

The simplest carbohydrates

• Glucose
• Fructose
• Galactose

Question 16

Are monosaccharides soluble or insoluble in water?

Answer 16

Soluble

Question 17

What are oligosaccharides? ex: Disaccharides

Answer 17

Short chains of monosaccharides (including all disaccharides)

Question 18

Common disaccharides & monosaccharides that make them up:

Answer 18

• sucrose —> glucose + fructose
• lactose —-> glucose + galactose
• maltose —> glucose + glucose

Question 19

What are polysaccharides and what are they made up of?

Answer 19

They are complex carbohydrates composed of many sugar monomers

Question 20

What are the most common polysaccharides?

Answer 20

• Cellulose
• Starch
• Glycogen
• all consist of glucose monomers

Question 21

Lipids:

Answer 21

• body’s major energy reservoir

- structural foundation of cell membranes

Question 22

What are the common types of lipids in biological systems?

Answer 22

• Waxes
• Steroids
• Phospholipids
• Triglycerides

Question 23

What are lipids composed of?

Answer 23

Glycerol & 
- one (monoglyceride)
- two (diglyceride) 
OR
- three fatty acids (triglyceride)

Question 24

What are phospholipids?

Answer 24

• main materials of cell membranes

- glycerol backbone, two fatty acids & a phosphate group

Question 25

What are sterols?

Answer 25

Lipids without fatty acids | e.g. Cholesterol, Vitamin D, Steroids, Bile Salts

Question 26

What are waxes?

Answer 26

Long-chain fatty acids tightly packed and linked to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings e.g. Cuticle of plants

Question 27

What are the two types of fatty acids?

Answer 27

Saturated & Unsaturated

Question 28

How do fatty acids become lipids?

Answer 28

By attaching to the alcohol, glycerol

Question 29

What are triglycerides?

Answer 29

Neutral fats with 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol

Question 30

Where are triglycerides stored?

Answer 30

In adipose tissues

Question 31

What cellular processes are proteins involved in?

Answer 31

ALL cellular processes - structure - nutrition - transport - enzymes - communication - defence

Question 32

What are proteins composed of?

Answer 32

One or more chains of amino acids

Question 33

What are chains of amino acids called?

Answer 33

Polypeptides

Question 34

What are the levels of the protein structure?

Answer 34

- Primary - Secondary - Tertiary - Quaternary

Question 35

What is denaturation?

Answer 35

When a protein loses its shape

Question 36

What is denaturation caused by?

Answer 36

- heat - changes in pH - salts - detergents

Question 37

What is prion disease caused by? Examples?

Answer 37

Misfolded proteins - mad cow - creutzfeldt-jakob (humans) - scarpie (sheep)

Question 38

What are the subunits of nucleic acids? Examples?

Answer 38

Nucleotides, ex) DNA and RNA

Question 39

What are nucleotides composed of?

Answer 39

A sugar w/ a 5 carbon ring, a nitrogen-containing base & 1 or more phosphate groups

Question 40

RNA:

Answer 40

- contains 4 types of nucleotide monomers | - important in protein synthesis

Question 41

DNA:

Answer 41

- two chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix

Question 42

What are DNA molecules held together by?

Answer 42

Hydrogen bonds