Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! > Chapter 3 - Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cells Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is a Cell?

A

cell is the basic unit of structure and function in the
body.
* Cells are measured in micrometers
* Cells that have developed specialized characteristics are
said to be differentiated.
* Cells vary in size and shape; structure and function are
inter-related.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a composite cell

A

there is no typical cell, but a composite cell shows components found in most cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 Major Parts of a Cell

A

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material, directs cell’s activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Consists of organelles, with specific functions, suspended in a
liquid called cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cell membrane

A

Outer boundary of the cell
* Maintains integrity of cell
* Separates intracellular fluid (cytosol) from extracellular
fluid
* Selectively permeable: Regulates entry and exit of
substances
* Signal transduction: permits cell to receive and respond to
messages
* Consists mainly of lipids and proteins, with some
carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Phospholipid bilayer: Cell membrane framework

A

Water-soluble (hydrophilic) heads form surfaces
* Water-insoluble (hydrophobic) tails form interior
* Bilayer is permeable to lipid-soluble substances, but not to
water-soluble substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cholesterol

A

Stabilizes membrane, helps keep it
impermeable to water-soluble substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Membrane proteins have many functions. What are they?
Think pcrecic

A

Pores, channels,
receptors, enzymes, cell contact and identification, CAMs
(Cell Adhesion Molecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Carbohydrates

Think c, I, s

A

Cell recognition and interaction, self markers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cytoplasm is…?

A

Consists of networks of membranes and organelles
suspended in cytosol
* Cytoplasm = cytosol + organelles
* Cytosol: fluid portion of the cytoplasm
* Organelles: tiny solid structures with specific functions in the cell
* Contains the cytoskeleton, a supporting framework of
protein rods and tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

supporting framework of
protein rods and tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cytospl

A

fluid portion of the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Organelles

A

tiny solid structures with specific functions in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ribosomes are?

A

Composed of protein and RNA
* Free in cytoplasm or on RER
* Provide structural support and enzyme activity to link amino
acids in protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER

A

Membrane-bound sacs, canals, vesicles
* Tubular transport system
* Rough ER contains ribosomes, conducts protein synthesis
* Smooth ER does not have ribosomes; conducts lipid synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Vesicles

A

Membranous sacs
store or transport substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Golgi Apparatus
**Think of UPS system

A

sacs of flattened, membranous sacs
refines, packages, and delivers proteins made of the RER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Example of organelle interaction

A

Milk secretion is an example of interaction among rough
and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, and transport vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mitochondria

A

Membrane-bound, fluid-filled sacs
* House chemical reactions that extract energy from nutrients
(cellular respiration, which produces ATP)
* Called the “powerhouse of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lysosomes

A

Small membranous sacs
* Contain enzymes that digest proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic
acids, bacteria, debris, worn out cell parts
* “Garbage disposals” of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Membranous sacs similar to lysosomes
* Contain enzymes that digest lipids, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Microfilaments, Microtubules, and Intermediate Filaments

A

Thread-like structures in cytoplasm that create the cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Microfilaments

A

tiny rods of actin
* Provide cellular movement, such as muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Intermediate filaments:
Composed of several proteins * A cytoskeletal structure * Support nuclear envelope
26
Microtubules
Larger tubes of tubulin * Rigidity maintains cell shape * Make up cilia, flagella, and centrioles * Help move organelles
27
Centrosome
“Central body” ; consists of 2 centrioles * In cytoplasm, near nucleus * Centrioles are cylindrical, composed of microtubules * Centrioles produce spindle fibers during cell division, which distribute chromosomes to forming daughter cells
28
Cilia
Motile extensions of cell membrane * Consist of microtubules in cylindrical pattern * Form a “fringe” on surface of certain epithelial cells * Shorter than flagella, but very abundant when present * Beat back and forth in coordinated manner * Propel mucus in respiratory tract, propel egg toward uterus
29
Flagella
Another type of motile extension from cell membrane * Similar in structure to cilia, but much longer * Flagellum causes the entire cell to move * Tail of a sperm cell is the only flagellum in a human cell * Each cell has only 1 flagellum
30
Cell nucleus contains?
genetic material and controls cell activities
31
Nuclear envelope:
Double-layered membrane surrounding nucleus * Separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm * Nuclear pores allow passage of certain substances
32
Nucleolus
Dense body of RNA and protein * Site of ribosome production
33
Chromatin
Consists of cell’s chromosomes, each containing DNA wound around proteins * Stores information for protein synthesis
34
Physical (Passive) Mechanisms:
Do not require cellular energy (ATP) * Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration
35
Diffusion
Movement of atoms, molecules, or ions, from region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration * Occurs due to constant motion of atoms, molecules, ions * Occurs only with substances that the cell membrane is permeable to: oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other lipid-soluble substances
36
Example of Diffusion?
A sugar cube dissolving in water
37
Diffusion extra info
Solutes and water can diffuse across a membrane that is permeable to both of them until they reach equilibrium; at that point, the concentrations of water and the solute are equal in both compartments
38
Tonicity
Ability of a solution outside cell to alter water volume inside cell
39
Isotonic Solution
same osmotic pressure; cells in an isotonic solution have no net gain or loss of water
40
Hypertonic Solution
higher osmotic pressure; cells in a hypertonic solution lose water
41
Hypotonic Solution
lower osmotic pressure; cells in a hypotonic solution gain water
42
Filtration
Process that forces molecules through membranes by exerting pressure * Used to separate solids from water, or small particles from large ones. * Example: When blood plasma leaves capillaries, water and small solutes are filtered, but large plasma proteins are not. * Passive process; no ATP required
43
Active Mechanisms
Require ATP to move substances across cell membrane * Active transport * Endocytosis * Exocytosis * Transcytosis
44
Active Transport
Movement of substances across a membrane from region of lower concentration to region of higher concentration (against concentration gradient)
45
Uses carrier molecules in cell membrane, which are often called
pumps
46
Active Process requires...?
ATP Energy
47
Endocytosis
Movement of a substance into the cell inside a vesicle * Substances too large to enter by other methods can enter cell this way
48
3 types of endocytosis:
Pinocytosis: membrane engulfs droplets of liquid Phagocytosis: membrane engulfs solid particles Receptor-mediated endocytosis: membrane engulfs specific substances, which have bound to receptor proteins on the membrane
49
Exocytosis
Release of substances/particles from cell * Vesicles containing particles fuse with cell membrane and release contents * Example: Release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells
50
Transcytosis
Involves receptor-mediated endocytosis followed by exocytosis * Quickly transports substance from one end of cell to the other * Moves substances across barriers formed by tightly connected cells * Example: Transport of HIV across lining of anus or vagina
51
Cell Cycle:
Series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it divides
52
Stages of the Cell Cycle:
Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis
53
Interphase
Growth of cell, maintenance of normal functions
54
Mitosis
Somatic cell division produces two daughter cells from an original cell: Division of nucleus via karyokinesis
55
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm
56
What is the Interphase?
A very active period in cell cycle * Cell grows and maintains normal functions * Cell replicates genetic material (DNA) to prepare for mitosis (nuclear division) * Cell synthesizes organelles, membranes, and biochemicals to prepare for cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm
57
Phases of Interphase?
S (synthesis) phase: DNA is replicated during this phase * G1 and G2 (growth or gap) phases: Structures and other molecules are duplicated
58
Phases of Mitosis:
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
59
Prophase
Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, centrioles move to opposite sides of cytoplasm, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disperse
60
Metaphase
Spindle fibers from centrioles attach to chromosomes and align them midway between centrioles
61
Anaphase
Chromosomes separate and move in opposite directions toward centrioles as the spindle fibers shorten
62
Telophase
Chromosomes return to chromatin structure, nuclear envelope forms around each chromosome set, and nucleoli become visible
63
Cytokinesis = cytoplasmic division and...?
Begins during anaphase * Continues through telophase * Contractile ring of actin filaments pinches cytoplasm in half * Constriction is called a cleavage furrow * Newly formed cells will have identical DNA, may have slightly different size and number of organelles
64
Characteristics of Cancer Cells
Loss of cell cycle control Heritability (a cancer cell divides to form more cancer cells) Transplantability (a cancer cell implanted into another individual will cause cancer to develop) Dedifferentiation (loss of specialized characteristics) Loss of contact inhibition Ability to induce local blood vessel extension (angiogenesis) Invasiveness Ability to metastasize (spread)
65
Differentiation
process of specialization of cells
66
Stem Cell
Can divide to form two new stem cells (called self-renewal) * Can also divide to form a stem cell and a progenitor cell * Can differentiate as any of many cell types
67
Progenitor Cell:
Partially specialized stem cell, daughter of stem cell * Can divide to become any of a restricted number of cells; called a “committed” cell
68
Totipotent
Daughter cells that can specialize to become any cell type, such as fertilized egg, cells of early embryo
69
Pluripotent
Daughter cells that can become a limited number of cell types, such as stem cells of later development, progenitor cells
70
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death * Normal part of development * A continuous, stepwise process * Removes webbing between fetal fingers and toes * Protective, peels away damaged skin cells after sunburn
71
Necrosis
Cell death from damage * Not a normal process

BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions