Chapter 8 - Joints Flashcards
(49 cards)
1
Q
Joints (Articulations) facts
A
- Functional connections between bones
- Bind parts of skeletal system together
- Make bone growth possible
- Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during
childbirth - Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle
contractions
2
Q
Structural Classification of Joints:
A
- Fibrous: Held together by dense connective tissue
- Cartilaginous: Held together by cartilage
- Synovial: Have a complex structure
3
Q
Functional Classification of Joints:
SAD
A
- Synarthrotic: Immovable
- Amphiarthrotic: Slightly movable
- Diarthrotic: Freely movable
4
Q
Fibrous joints:
A
- Held together with dense connective tissue containing many
collagen fibers - Found in bones in close contact
5
Q
What are the 3 types of Fibrous Joints?
A
- Syndesmosis
- Suture
- Gomphosis
6
Q
Syndesmosis
A
- Bones bound by a sheet of dense connective tissue
(interosseous membrane) or a bundle of dense connective
tissue (interosseous ligament) - Amphiarthrotic (flexible, may twist)
- Between tibia and fibula
7
Q
Suture
A
- Thin layer of connective tissue (sutural ligament) connects
bones - Synarthrotic (immovable) between flat bones of skull
8
Q
Gomphosis
A
- Cone-shaped bony process in a socket
- Synarthrotic (immovable)
- Root of a tooth in maxilla or mandible held in place by
periodontal ligament
9
Q
Cartilaginous joints:
A
Connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
10
Q
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
A
- Synchondrosis
- Symphysis
11
Q
Synchondrosis
A
- Bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones
- Synarthrotic
- Some are temporary, such as epiphyseal plate
(ossification converts this to a synostosis) - Some are permanent, such as between manubrium and
the first rib (costal cartilages)
12
Q
Symphysis
A
- Pad of fibrocartilage between bones
- Articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage
- Amphiarthrotic (limited movement)
- Pubic symphysis
- Joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
(intervertebral discs)
13
Q
Synovial Joints:
A
- Most joints are synovial joints
- All are diarthrotic joints
- Have a more complex structure than fibrous or
cartilaginous joints
14
Q
Structure of a synovial joint:
A
Articular cartilage covers articular ends of bones
15
Q
Joint capsule consists of 2 layers:
A
- Outer fibrous layer, composed of ligaments
- Inner layer, synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid
16
Q
Synovial joints consist of the following parts:
A
- Articular cartilage
- Joint capsule
- Ligaments
- Synovial membrane
- Synovial cavity
- Synovial fluid
- Meniscus (-i) in some joints
- Bursa (-ae) in some joints
17
Q
There are 6 types of synovial joints, classified by shape and
movements they allow:
A
Ball-and-Socket, condylar, plane, hinge, pivot, saddle
18
Q
Ball-and-Socket Joint:
A
- Also called spheroidal joint
- Round head in cup-shaped cavity
- Widest range of motion
- Multiaxial, plus rotation
- Hip, shoulder
19
Q
Condylar Joint:
A
- Also called ellipsoidal joint
- Oval condyle fits into elliptical cavity
- Back-and-forth, side-to-side movement
- Biaxial movement, no rotation
- Joints between metacarpals and phalanges
20
Q
Plane Joint:
A
- Also called gliding joint
- Almost flat, or slightly curved
- Back-and-forth and twisting
- Nonaxial movement
- Wrist and ankle joints
21
Q
Hinge Joint:
A
- Convex surface fits into concave surface of other bone
- Uniaxial movement (in 1 plane)
- Elbow, joints between phalanges
22
Q
Pivot Joint:
A
- Also called trochoid joint
- Cylindrical surface rotates within ring of other bone
- Uniaxial movement
- Rotation only
- Atlas (C1) and dens of axis (C2)
23
Q
Saddle Joint:
A
- Also called sellar joint
- Both bones have concave and convex surfaces
- Biaxial movement (in 2 planes)
- Carpal and metacarpal of thumb
24
Q
Action of skeletal muscle produces…?
A
movement at synovial
joints
25
Types of Joint Movements: Origin...?
Relatively fixed end of a skeletal muscle
26
Types of Joint Movements: Insertion?
More movable end of a skeletal muscle
27
Movement at a joint occurs when...?
a muscle contracts, and
its fibers pull the insertion toward the origin
28
Flexion
Bending of parts at a joint
29
Extension
Straightening of parts at a joint
30
Hyperextension
Extension beyond normal anatomical
position
31
Lateral flexion:
Bending to the side
32
Abduction
Moving a part of body away from midline
33
Adduction
Moving a part of body toward midline
34
Dorsiflexion
Ankle movement which points toes upward
35
Plantar flexion:
Ankle movement which points toes downward
36
Circumduction
Movement of a part of body in circular path
37
Rotation
Moving a part of body around an axis
38
Medial rotation:
Movement of limb so anterior surface moves toward
midline
39
Lateral rotation:
Movement of limb so anterior surface moves away
from midline
40
Supination
Forearm rotation so palm faces upward or forward, or
lying down face up (supine)
41
Pronation
Forearm rotation so palm faces downward or backward, or
lying down face down (prone)
42
Inversion
Turning of foot so plantar surface faces
midline
43
Eversion
Turning of foot so plantar surface faces away
from midline
44
Protraction
Movement of a body part forward
45
Retraction
Movement of a body part backward
46
Elevation
raising a body partde
47
Depression
lowering a body part
48
What are Examples of large, complex synovial (also freely movable)
joints?
Shoulder, Elbow, Hip, Knee
49
Lifespan Changes
* Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging
* Many people develop arthritis as they age
* Fibrous joints first to change; can strengthen, however,
over a lifetime
* Cartilage in synchondroses stiffens
* Ligaments lose elasticity
* Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish
flexibility and decrease height (due to water loss from the
intervertebral discs)
* Synovial joints lose function, as capillary supply diminishes
* Disuse hampers the nutrient supply to joints; speeds up
stiffening
* Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer
