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Physiology & Anatomy > Chapter 3 (Cells & Tissues) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 (Cells & Tissues) Flashcards

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1
Q

the human body has how many cells?

A

50 to 100 trillion cells

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2
Q

the activities of a cell is dictated by _______

A

its structure (anatomy)

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3
Q

what determines the function (physiology) of a cell

A

its structure (anatomy)

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4
Q

most cells are composed of 4 elements which are :
____________
____________
____________
____________

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

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5
Q

what are the 3 main regions of a cell?

A

plasma membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm

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6
Q

What are the 4 primary types of body tissues?

A

epithelial tissue (epithelium)
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue

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7
Q

Where is the epithelial tissue located?

A

body coverings
body linings
glandular tissue

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8
Q

What are the 4 main roles of the epithelial tissue?

A

protection
absorption
filtration
secretion

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9
Q

What are the specialities of the epithelial tissue?

A
  • cover/line body surface
  • form sheets with a free surface and an anchored surface
  • avascular
  • regenerate easily if well nourrished
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10
Q

what does avascular mean?

A

no blood supply

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11
Q

what is an apical surface?

A

a free surface
on the outside surface of the epithelium (facing the lumen)

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12
Q

what is the basement membrane

A

an anchored surface
on the deeper side of the epithelium

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13
Q

what is the lumen

A

the inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or the intestine

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14
Q

what does epithelia mean?

A

epithelia = plural or epithelium

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15
Q

how are epithelia classified?

A
  • by number of cell layers
    -> simple (1 layer)
    -> stratified (+ than 1 layer)
  • by shape of cells
    -> squamous (flattened)
    -> cuboidal (cube-shaped)
    -> columnar (shaped like columns)
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16
Q

What are the main functions of simple squamous tissues ?

A

-> diffusion and filtration
-> secretion in serous membranes

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17
Q

What are the main functions of stratified squamous tissues ?

A

-> protection
-> stretch when necessary (ie: bladder)

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18
Q

What are the main functions of simple cuboidal and simple columnar tissues ?

A

-> secretion and absorption

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19
Q

What are the main functions of stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar tissues ?

A

protection

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20
Q

what type of tissue is very rare in humans?

A

stratified cuboidal/columnar tissue

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21
Q

why are simple epithelia not suited for protection?

A

because they are very thin

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22
Q

what is the main differences between simple and stratified tissues?

A

simple
= for absorption, filtration and secretion
= very thin

stratified
= for protection
= thick

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23
Q

where are simple squamous epithelium located?

A
  • lines air sacs of the lungs
  • forms walls of capillaries
  • forms the serosae
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24
Q

what is the name of the epithelium that lines organs in ventral cavity?

A

serosae, a type of squamous epithelium

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25
where are simple cuboidal epithelium located?
- in glands and their ducts - forms walls of kidney tubules - covers the surface of ovaries
26
qui suis-je? i am the type of epithelium most likely to be found in kidneys and ovaries.
simple cuboidal epithelium
27
qui suis-je? i am the type of epithelium most likely to be found in lungs and capillaries.
simple squamous epithelium
28
where are simple columnar epithelium found
- lines the digestive tract (from stomach to anus) - lines the mucosae
29
what is the mucosae
mucous membrane in body cavities open to the exterior
30
what are pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
single layer, but with some cells shorter than other = give a false impression of stratification
31
where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium located?
in the respiratory tract
32
what is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium ?
absorption or secretion
33
true or false : all cells of the pseudostratified columnar epithelium rest on a basement membrane.
true
34
where are stratified squamous epithelium located?
in the lining of the: - skin (outer portion) - mouth - esophagus
35
stratified squamous epithelium are cells in the _______ surface
apical
36
qui suis-je? i am a type of epithelium found in the outer portion of cells where friction is common
stratified squamous epithelium
37
what is the most common type of stratified epithelium?
stratified squamous epithelium
38
where are stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelium mainly located?
in ducts of large glands = very rare in human body
39
what are transitional epithelium tissue?
composed of modified stratified squamous epithelium -> its shape depends up the amount of stretching
40
where are transitional epithelium tissue located?
in the lining of urinary system organs = capable of stretching and returning to normal shape
41
what are glandular epithelia?
cells responsible for secreting a particular product
42
what are the 2 major type of glandular epithelia ?
endocrine glands exocrine glands
43
what is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
endocrine = ductless = diffuse into blood vessels (hormones) = enters body systems exocrine = secretions occur through ducts into the epithelial surface = exit the body systems
44
what are example of endocrine glands
thyroid, adrenals and pituitary glands
45
what are example of exocrine glands
sweat and oil glands, liver, pancreas
46
where is connective tissue found?
everywhere in the body to connect body parts
47
what are the 4 main functions of connective tissues?
protecting supporting cushioning insulating
48
true or false connective tissue vary in blood supply
true some are well vascularized some are avascular (no blood supply)
49
What are the 5 types of connective tissue from most rigid to softest?
bone cartilage dense connective tissue loose connective tissue blood
50
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage elastic cartilage
51
Which connective tissue is harder and less flexible between cartilage and bones?
bones cartilage is less hard and more flexible than bone
52
what is the major cell type ?
chondrocyte (Cartilage cell)
53
Where is hyaline cartilage located?
trachea attaches ribs to the breastbone cover ends of long bones fetal skeleton before birth epiphyseal (growth) plates in long bones
54
Which type of cartilage provides elasticity?
elastic cartilage
55
Which type of cartilage supports the external ear?
elastic cartilage
56
Which type of cartilage is highly compressible?
fibrocartilage
57
Which type of cartilage forms cushionlike discs between vertebrae of the spinal column?
fibrocartilage
58
What is the main matrix element of dense connective tissue?
collagen fiber
59
What are tendons?
tendons: attach skeletal muscle to bone
60
What are the 3 types of dense connective tissues?
tendons ligaments dermis (the lower layers of the skin)
61
What are ligaments?
attach bone to bone at joints and are more elastic than tendons
62
What are the characteristics of the areolar connective tissue?
soft and pliable tissue can soak up excess fluid
63
What type of connective tissue looks like "cobwebs"?
areolar connective tissue
64
what type of connective tissue is the "universal packing tissue and glue that hold organs in place"?
areolar connective tissue
65
How is the layer of areolar tissue that lies underneath all membranes called?
lamina propria
66
what is the most widely distributed connective tissue?
areolar connective tissue
67
Where are adipose connective tissues located?
- protects organs (ex: kidneys) - on hips, breasts, belly as fat depots - beneath the skin (subcutaneous tissue)
68
What type of connective tissue is fat most likely found in?
adipose connective tissue, a type of areolar tissue
69
Where are reticular connective tissues located?
lymph nodes spleen bone narrow
70
What type of connective tissue looks like fibroblasts (network of interwoven fibers) ?
reticular connective tissue
71
Is blood a type of connective tissue?
yes
72
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
skeletal cardiac smooth
73
true or false: muscle tissue is indepent to stimuli
false muscle tissue responds to stimuli, and is therefore said to be irritable
74
what are the 3 visual characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue?
- striated (marked with long streaks) - multinucleate (2+ nucleus) - long cylindrical shape
75
true or false skeletal muscle tissue is voluntarily controlled
true
76
What are the 4 visual characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue?
- striated - 1 nucleus - short cells - contains gap junctions to connect cells together
77
true or false cardiac muscle tissue is voluntarily controlled
false involuntarily controlled and pumps blood through blood vessels
78
true or false smooth muscle tissue is voluntarily controlled
false involuntarily controlled
79
What are the 3 visual characteristics of smooth muscle tissue?
not striated (smooth) 1 nucleus spindle-shaped cells (cells more long than wide)
80
what is the typical motion of smooth muscle cells?
peristalsis a wave like motion
81
where is smooth muscle tissue found?
in walls of hollow organs ex: stomach, uterus, blood vessels
82
what are the 2 functions of nervous tissue?
to receive and conduct electrochemical impulses

Physiology & Anatomy (4 decks)

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