Chapter 3 Cellular Level Of Organization

Question 0

Cell theory

Answer 0

• all living organisms are made of cells

- all cells come from previously existing cells

Question 1

History of Cells

Answer 1

1600’s Cell discovered and named by Robert Hooke

• 1800’s Scheiden- all plants made of cells
  
  • Schwann-all animals made of cells

Question 2

Cells

Answer 2

Smallest unit of life on our planet (unicellular or multicellular life)
-small so that they have a large surface area to volume ratio, allows diffusion to move molecules

Question 3

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 3

No membrane-bounded nucleus

Question 4

Eukaryotic

Answer 4

Have a membrane-bounded nucleus

Question 5

Cell made up of three parts

Answer 5

Plasma membrane- separates inside of the cell from outside, determines what enters or leaves

• nucleus: large structure in the cell that houses genetic material DNA
• cytoplasm: 2 subparts cytosol (fluid) and organelles (structures in fluid)

Question 6

Plasma membrane structure

Answer 6

Phospholipid bilayer that separates cell from interstitial fluid

• fluid mosaic model=thick potato soup
• selectively permeable: determines what crosses in or out, nonpolar can, polar cant

Question 8

Passive transport

Answer 8

Diffusion moves through membrane the down conc. gradient, no energy needed

Question 9

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 9

diffusion occurs using a carrier

Question 10

Osmosis

Answer 10

diffusion of water from its high concentration to its low

Question 11

Osmotic Pressure

Answer 11

gradient of water trying to diffuse

Question 12

Tonicity

Answer 12

measure of a solution’s ability to affect the water content of cell

Question 13

Hypotonic

Answer 13

solution is less concentrated than cell, water moves into cell from solution, blows up cell

Question 14

Hypertonic

Answer 14

solution more concentrated than cell, water moves from cell to solution, cell shrinks

Question 15

Isotonic

Answer 15

solution of same concentration as cell, water net movement is zero

Question 16

Active Transport

Answer 16

requires energy to move chemical against its concentration gradient

Question 17

Endocytosis

Answer 17

inward movement of substance

Question 18

Antiporters

Answer 18

Na+ and substance move opposite direction

Question 19

Symporters

Answer 19

Na+ and substance move same direction

Question 20

Exocytosis

Answer 20

outward movement of substance

Question 21

Phagocytosis

Answer 21

Solid

Question 22

Pinocytosis

Answer 22

Liquid

Question 23

Cytosol

Answer 23

the fluid portion of the cytoplasm

Question 24

Organelles

Answer 24

small structures that carry out specific functions

Question 25

Centrosome

Answer 25

2 cylindrical structures near the nucleus that form the spindles in cell division

Question 26

Cilia

Answer 26

small hairs on surface cell (brush like), move things along surface

Question 27

flagella

Answer 27

whip like single projection, used for motion (sperm)

Question 28

ER

Answer 28

-system of channels and vesicles -2 main functions compartmentalizes the cell functions in manufacturing, transport, and chemical detoxification

Question 29

Smooth ER

Answer 29

No ribosomes detoxify chemicals makes lipids stores Ca+ (muscle)

Question 30

Ruff ER

Answer 30

Ribosomes on surface makes proteins preliminary packages then sends proteins to golgi

Question 31

Golgi apparatus (shipping department)

Answer 31

receives vesicles from ER, re-packages, sorts, and changes | -directs the vesicles in proper direction, in or out of cell (secreted)

Question 32

lysosome (septic tank)

Answer 32

contains enzymes, breaks down material or organelles, can destroy the entire cell

Question 33

peroxisome

Answer 33

similar to lysosome, contains enzymes that breaks down material by oxidizing them

Question 34

vacuoles

Answer 34

general storage of almost anything

Question 35

Mitochondria

Answer 35

energy source within the cell

Question 36

Nuclear membrane

Answer 36

separates nucleus from cell, has pores for access

Question 37

Nucleoplasm

Answer 37

fluid material inside nucleus

Question 38

Ribosomes

Answer 38

RNA complex that deal with genetics and protein synthesis

Question 39

Chromatin (reading form)

Answer 39

DNA, usually long strains, wound up (chromosomes)

Question 40

Chromosome

Answer 40

transportation | rodlike

Question 41

Mitosis

Answer 41

Wear, repair, and growth 1 cell division Diploid-48

Question 42

Meiosis

Answer 42

Gamete formation 2 cell divisons Haploid-23

Question 43

Interphase

Answer 43

cell appears inactive

Question 44

G1

Answer 44

duplication of organelles and cytosolic components

Question 45

S

Answer 45

DNA replication occurs

Question 46

G2

Answer 46

Continued growth, proteins for division are made

Question 47

G0

Answer 47

cells that stay in G1 phase, awaiting division, may never come

Question 48

Prophase

Answer 48

aPPear | chromatin shortens into chromosomes, visible, nucleus gone

Question 49

Metaphase

Answer 49

Middle | centromeres align chromatid pairs in middle of cell

Question 50

Anaphase

Answer 50

Away | centromeres split, separates chromatid pairs

Question 51

Telophase

Answer 51

Two | identical sets of chromosomes in each end of cell