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A&P Test 1 Ch. 1-3,25 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Consists of brain and spinal cord(part that does integration)

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

the wire service between the body and CNS

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3
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 Pairs

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4
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 Pairs

  • 8 cervicals
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
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5
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

To and from body

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6
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic: Fight or flight
Parasympathetic: rest and digest

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7
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

Intestinal tract system

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8
Q

Sensory function

A

Afferent-arriving

brings in info from internal and external environment

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9
Q

Integrative function

A

analyzes the information that is gathered

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10
Q

Motor function

A

Efferent-exiting

acts on the analyzed information

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11
Q

Nervous tissue

A

2 types of cells

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12
Q

Neuron has 3 main parts

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axons

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13
Q

Cell body

A

where the nucleus is located

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14
Q

Dendrites

A

small short extensions, bring action potential towards the cell body

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15
Q

Axons

A

one long/ very long extensions takes action potential away

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16
Q

Unmediated

A

uncoated

no special covering by cells

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17
Q

Myelinated

A

Coated

wrapped by a special covering made up of individual cells

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18
Q

wrapped by neuroglia cells called Oligodendrocytes

A

CNS

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19
Q

wrapped by Schwann cells

A

PNS

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20
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

gap on axon where no cell (between wrapping cells)

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21
Q

Myelin gap

A

where one cell ends and the next begin its wrap

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22
Q

Design of Nerve cells

A

classified by number of extensions to cell body

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23
Q

Multipolar cells

A

multiple dendrites

one axon

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24
Q

Bipolar Cells

A

one main dendrite

one axon

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25
Unipolar cells
one fused extension, dendrite end and axon end
26
Neuron
used to integrate and transmit information
27
Gray matter
cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
28
white matter
myelinated axons
29
Neuroglia
structural support to the nervous system
30
Oligodendrocyte
Myelinating cell in CNS
31
Astrocyte
supporting cell for Neurons
32
Microglia
phagocyte in CNS
33
Ependymal
makes and helps circulate CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)
34
Schwann Cells
Myelinating cell in PNS
35
Satellite Cells
structural support
36
Neurons Pathway
Dendrite>Cell body>Axon>another cell
37
2 unique abilities of neurons
respond: mechanical, chemical, or electrical stimuli | transfer stimuli to other cells
38
Leakage gate channel
channel leaks allowing ions to slowly pass
39
Voltage gated channel
open when triggered by electrical changes
40
Ligand gated channel
opens when a molecule binds to a receptor
41
Mechanical gated channel
open in response to mechanical stimuli | pressure, vibration, stretch, etc
42
Action potential
all or nothing change in membrane | -stimuli either causes complete change in potential or nothing at all
43
Graded potential
change in membrane potential is NOT enough to reach threshold -No action potential is generated
44
Depolarization
stimuli threshold is reached | -causing the opening of Na+ ion channels
45
Repolarization
K+ gates open, K+ moves out of cell down its conc gradient
46
Hyperpolarization
overshoots 70 mv usually down towards -90 mv
47
Continuous conduction
every part of the axon must depolarize and repolarize the entire length of the axon
48
Saltatory conduction
depolarization of action potential jumps between Myelin sheath gaps, traveling much faster
49
A fibers
Motor, Joint sensory fastest largest most myelinated
50
B fibers
Autonomic Slightly slower -myelinated -smaller
51
C fibers
Sensory Slower -unmyelinated -smallest
52
Intensity of nerve input into system
- frequency of impulses | - number neurons sending
53
Acetylcholine
cholinergic sites, nerve to muscle, parasympathetic | -can be excitatory or inhibitory
54
Amino acids
Excitatory-Glutamate
55
Biogenic Amines
Norepinephrine/Epinephrine-energy and pleasure | Dopamine-energy and pleasure
56
Neuropeptides
excitatory and inhibitory proteins
57
Nitric Oxide
vasodilator (viagra works by enhancing NO effect)
58
Nerve
100's-1000's of axons - blood vessels - connective tissue component to hold it together
59
Nerve circuits
``` SImple Diverging Converging Reverberating Parallel ```
60
Simple (Nerve circuit)
one axon to one dendrite
61
Diverging
one axon to two different cell's dendrites
62
Converging (Nerve Circuit)
several different cell axons to one cell's dendrites
63
Reverberating
collaterals: branches of an axon, stimulate dendrites of cells that extend their axons back into the direction of the stimuli to the original cell
64
Parallel
Collateral axons: stimulate dendrites of different cells, that in turn stimulate the same cell's dendrites
65
Excitatory
make membranes less negative, easier to depolarize
66
Inhibitory
make membrane more negative, harder to depolarize
67
Electrical communication
Cell membranes almost touch with gap cell junctions between cells that touch
68
Synaptic transmit ion (communication)
Axons of nerves do not touch dendrites of next nerve
69
Spinal cord anatomy
- from base of the brain to the end of the vertebral column - exits skull through foramen magnum - runs down the vertebral column in the vertebral foramen
70
What is the spinal cord protected by?
Meninges | Fat
71
Meninges
3 connective tissue layered, fluid filled bag that protects and anchors the spinal cord - Pia mater - Arachnoid - Dura mater
72
Nerve tracts
bundles of axons, some cell bodies, that pass impulses to and from the brain
73
Pia mater
inner most layer on cord, anchors cord within vertebral column
74
Denticulate ligaments
anchor cord to column laterally
75
Filium terminale
anchors cord at the base of the column, coccyx
76
Arachnoid
has space between it and pia mater is filled with cerebral spinal fluid
77
Dura mater
outer layer of spinal cord
78
Cervical enlargement
C4-T1 | -thicker, nerves to and from upper extremity
79
Lumbar enlargement
T9-T12 | -thicker, nerves to and from lower extremity
80
Conus medullaris
point at L1-L2 position
81
Cauda equina
numerous nerves are what is left of below level of L2 area
82
Dorsal root
sensory axons coming into cord
83
Ventral root
motor axons leaving the cord
84
Cross-sectional anatomy of cord
looks like a gray butterfly in a white oval dish
85
Gray butterfly
is made up of cell bodies
86
White dish
made of myelinated axons
87
Thalamus
cerebral cortex' executive secretary | all sensory axons end, sends axons to cortex
88
Hypothalamus
controls the autonomic nervous system, hormones
89
Epithalamus
contains pineal gland, which secretes melatonin | -promotes sleep
90
Medulla Oblongota
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A&P Test 1 Ch. 1-3,25 (4 decks)

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