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Biology 1A > Chapter 3 - Circulation > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is diffusion time proportional to?

A

Distance^2

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2
Q

What is a circulatory system?

A

An organ system that transports blood containing nutrients such as oxygen and CO2

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3
Q

What are the three main components of the circulatory system?

A
  1. Circulatory fluid
  2. Blood Vessels
  3. Muscular Pump (Heart)
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4
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

nutrients and waste are moved through the body by a fluid which flows freely through the body cavity, rather than being contained in veins

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5
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

Blood is contained within blood vessels at all times

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6
Q

What is the name of the circulatory fluid?

A

Hemolymph

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7
Q

What animals have an open circulatory system?

A

Anthropoids and Molluscs

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8
Q

What animals have a closed circulatory system?

A

All vertebrates, Annelids and Cephlapods

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9
Q

What animals have a single and double circulatory system?

A

Single - fish

Double - humans, reptiles, amphibians and birds

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10
Q

What animals have a three chambered heart?

A

Amphibians and reptiles (two atria and one ventricle)

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11
Q

What are the two loops of blood vessels in a human heart?

A

Pulmonary circulation 9%

Systemic circulation 84%

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12
Q

What is the contraction phase of the heart pumping?

A

Systole

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13
Q

What is the relaxation phase of the heart?

A

Diastole

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14
Q

What part of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

A

Right atria

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15
Q

What part of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery?

A

Right ventricle

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16
Q

What artery transports blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

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17
Q

What part of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins?

A

Left atrium

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18
Q

Which part of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta?

A

Left ventricle

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19
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid and Mitral (bicuspid) valves

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20
Q

Where would you find the tricuspid valve?

A

Between the right atria and ventricle

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21
Q

Where would you find the mitral (bicuspid) valve?

A

Between the left atria and ventricle

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22
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Aortic and pulmonary valve

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23
Q

Where would you find the aortic valve?

A

Between the left ventricle and the aorta

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24
Q

Where would you find the pulmonary valve?

A

Between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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25
What does the coronary sinus do?
Transports deoxygenated blood to the heart via the heart walls aka the hearts own blood supply
26
What valves contract during systole?
Tricuspid and mitral
27
What valves contract during diastole?
Aortic and pulmonary
28
What does autorythmic mean?
Contracts and relaxes without any signal from the nervous system
29
What controls the coordinated contractions of the heart?
The SA node (pacemaker)
30
Describe the heart conduction system
SA node > spreads signals through atria > AV delays signals to allow for atria to empty completely of blood before the ventricles contract > bundle branches pass signal to heart apex > purkinje fibres spread signals through ventricle > SA node > AV Node > bundle branches > Purkinje Fibres
31
What hormones effect heart rate?
Epinephrine
32
What hormone speeds up the SA node?
Epinephrine
33
What gland secretes epinephrine?
Adrenal gland
34
How much does body temperature at 1oc increase heart rate?
10 beats/minute
35
What is the autonomic nervous system?
component of the peripheral nervous system regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal.
36
What two nerves make up the Autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
37
What is the role of the Sympathetic nerves?
Release norepinephrine that increase the heart rate and force of contraction
38
Where does the sympathetic nerves originate from?
T1- T4 levels of the spinal cord
39
What is the role of the parasympathetic nerves?
Releases acetylcholine that decreases heart rate and force of contraction
40
Where does the parasympathetic nerves originate?
The vagus nerve
41
What arteries supply the heart with blood?
Coronary arteries
42
What is cardiac output?
Volume of blood pumped through the heart per minute
43
What is cardiac output dependent on?
Heart rate and stroke volume
44
What is heart rate?
Number of beats per minute
45
What is stroke volume?
Amount of blood pumped in a single contraction
46
What determines blood pressure?
Cardiac output and peripheral resistance
47
What is atherosclerosis?
Build up of fatty substances in the arterial wall
48
What is a deep vein thrombosis?
Pooling of blood in the vein causing clotting
49
Where is the velocity of blood slowest?
In the capillary beds due to the high resistance and large cross sectional area
50
How to measure pulse pressure?
Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
51
What is the role of precapillary spinchters?
Control blood flow between arterioles and venules
52
What drives fluid out of the capillaries?
Blood Pressure
53
What drives fluid back into the capillaries?
Blood proteins known as osmotic pressure
54
True or false - on average there is a net loss from the capillaries
True
55
What is the equation for net loss in the capillaries?
Fluid out - fluid in mmHg
56
What pressure drops along the capillaries?
Blood pressure
57
What is the name for fluid lost by the capillaries?
Lymph
58
What is the lymphatic system?
A series of drains that returns fluid that has leaked out the capillaries back into the veins
59
What is Oedema?
Swelling caused by distributions in the flow of lymph
60
What are lymph nodes?
Organs that filter lymph and play an important role in the body’s defence
61
What is the respiratory system?
A system of branching ducts that conveys air into the lungs
62
What is pleural space?
Potential space between the lung and ribs containing pleural fluid
63
What is the role of pleural fluid?
Prevents friction between the lung and ribs
64
What is diffusion rate dependant on?
``` Surface area ( large ) Concentration difference Distance ( short ) ```
65
Describe the structure of alveoli
Honeycombs surrounded by dense capillary networks
66
How many alveoli does a human contain?
500 million +
67
What type of tissue makes up alveoli?
Simple squamous epithelium
68
What is negative pressure breathing?
When air is drawn into the lungs - DIAPHRAGM moves down
69
What is normal blood pH?
7.4
70
What is haemoglobin?
A blood protein that is able to bind with haem to carry oxygen
71
How many subunits does haemoglobin have?
Four
72
What do all heam groups contain?
Iron
73
When would a haemoglobin be said to be 100% saturated?
When all sites have been bound with oxygen
74
In what cells is haemoglobin contained?
Erythrocytes
75
What is pO2 levels in the lungs?
100mmhg
76
What are pO2 levels of tissues at rest?
40mmHg
77
What is the partial pressure (pO2) of tissues during exercise?
<20%
78
At what pH does pO2 and haemoglobin reach disassociation?
7.4
79
What decreases haem subunits affinity for oxygen?
A change in their shape
80
What are the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported?
5% dissolved CO2 5% attached to haemoglobin and other blood proteins 90% as bicarbonate ions
81
What is the name of an oxygen storing protein found in mammals such as seals?
Myoglobin
82
Describe the structure of blood
Cells and cell fragments (platelets) suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma
83
What is the role of plasma?
Influence blood pH, osmotic pressure, viscosity | They all aid in immunity as antibodies, lipid transports and blood clotting

Biology 1A (9 decks)

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