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Biology 1A > Chapter 4/5 - Immunology and Microbes > Flashcards

Chapter 4/5 - Immunology and Microbes Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease causing agent

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2
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

A rapid immune response to a large spectrum of diseases

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3
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

A slow response to more specific diseases

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4
Q

What are the two defences in innate immunity?

A

Barrier defences and internal defences

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5
Q

What are the two defences in adaptive immunity?

A

A humoral response and a cell mediated response

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6
Q

What are the barrier defences in innate immunity?

A

Skin, mucous membranes and secretions

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7
Q

What are the internal defences in innate immunity?

A

Phagocytic cells,
Natural killer cells
Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory response

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8
Q

What is a humoral response?

A

When antibodies defend against an infection in body fluids

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9
Q

What is a cell-mediated response?

A

When cytotoxic cells defend against infection in bodily cells

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10
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

An enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls

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11
Q

What are the major immune cells in insects?

A

Hemocytes

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12
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The ingestion and breaking down of microorganisms

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13
Q

What is the ph of the stomach and skin

A

Stomach - pH 2

Skin/ Sweat - pH 3-5

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14
Q

What are toll-like receptors? (TLR)

A

A recognition protein found in mammals that alerts the body of pathogens

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15
Q

What are the two main types of phagocytic cells in the mammalian body?

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

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16
Q

Describe the function of neutrophils

A

They circulate the blood and are attracted by the signals of infected tissues - they then ingulf and destroy any infected pathogens

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17
Q

Describe the role of macrophages

A

Big eaters that engulf and destroy pathogens

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18
Q

Where can you find macrophages?

A

Either circulating the blood or residing in organs and tissues where they are most likely to encounter pathogens aka the spleen

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19
Q

Where can you find dendritic cells?

A

Surrounding tissues that have contact with the environment aka skin

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20
Q

Where can we find eosinophils?

A

Surrounding epithelial tissue

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21
Q

What is the role of eosinophils?

A

To defend against multicellular pathogens such as parasites by discharging destructive enzymes

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22
Q

What is the role of natural killer cells?

A

In innate immunity they circulate the body in search of abnormal surface proteins before releasing chemicals that result in cell death

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23
Q

What are interferons?

A

Proteins that provide an innate defence by releasing chemicals that alert normal cells to prevent viral replication therefore limiting cell to cell spread

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24
Q

What version of interferons can some white blood cells secrete?

A

A version that enhances phagocytic cell abilities

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25
What are cytokines?
Signalling molecules
26
What are mast cells?
Immune cells that secrete histamine in order to induce an inflammatory response
27
What are lymphocytes?
Immune white blood cells
28
Where do lymphocytes originate?
From stem cells in bone marrow
29
Where do lymphocytes mature to T cells?
In the thymus
30
Where do lymphocytes mature to B cells?
Bone marrow
31
Where do lymphocytes mature to natural killer cells?
In the blood
32
What is an antigen?
Any substance that initiates an adaptive immune response
33
What protein allows B and T cells to bind to pathogens?
Antigen receptors
34
How many antigen receptors reside on the B and T cell surface?
100,000
35
What is an epitope?
Part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptors
36
Describe the structure of a B cell antigen receptors
Y shaped protein consisting of four polypeptide chains= two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains
37
What links the four chains of B cell antigen receptors
Disulphide bridges
38
Describe the structure of antigen receptors in T cells
Two chains - one alpha and one beta
39
What is the name of the display protein that allows T cells to bind to antigens?
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
40
What is self tolerance in immunity?
The way in which B and T cells are able to able to differentiate the normal cells from the antigens
41
How long is a primary immune response?
10-17 days
42
How long is a secondary immune response?
2-7 days
43
Where does the humoral response occure?
In the blood and lymph
44
What T cell activates the humoral and cell mediated responses?
Helper T cell
45
What are the three types of antigen presenting cells?
Dendritic cells Macrophages B cells
46
What differentiates a normal body cell from a antigen presenting cell?
``` Normal cells only have class 1 MHC Antigen presenting cells have class 1 and 2 MHC ```
47
What is the CD4 protein?
Found on the surface of helper T cells it allows for helper T cells to bind to antigen presenting cells class 11 MHC
48
What two things allows for the activation of B cells
A helper T cell | Proteins on the surface of pathogens
49
How to antibodies prevent infection of cells?
Antibodies prevent pathogens or viruses from binding to normal cells
50
What are the five types of immunoglobulin expressed by B cells?
IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE, IgG
51
What cells produce immunoglobulin?
Plasma cells
52
What B cell antigen receptors is exclusively membrane bound?
IgD
53
What is the accessory protein CD8?
It allows for cytotoxic cells to bind with MHC
54
What is active immunity?
When a pathogen infection of immunisation prompts an immune response
55
What is passive immunity?
Immunity passed from mother to child
56
Where would you find antibody class IgA
Soluble in secretions such as tears, saliva, breast milk and mucous
57
Where would you find antibody class IgG
Crossing the placenta from mother to child
58
Where would you find the antibody class IgM
First antibody produced in an immune response found on both mature and immature B cells
59
Where would you find class IgE antibodies?
In tissues as it is important to allergies and. Parasites
60
Where would you find class IgD antibodies?
On the membrane of mature B cells
61
What is mutualism?
Both organisms benefit
62
What is commensalism?
One benefits; the other is unaffected
63
What is parasitism?
One benefits while the other is harmed
64
What do obligate aerobes require for cellular respiration?
Oxygen
65
What are obligate anaerobes poisoned by?
Oxygen
66
How do prokaryotes metabolise nitrogen?
By converting it to ammonia
67
What is a virus?
Small nuclei acid genome enclosed in a protein capsid or viral envelope
68
What do viruses use to replicate?
Enzymes, ribosomes and small molecules
69
What are phages?
Viruses that effect bacteria
70
What two ways can phages replicate?
The lyctic cycle and the lysogenic cycle
71
What is a virulent phage?
A phage that results in the destruction of the host bacterium via lysis
72
What is lysis?
Rupture or the cell membrane = destruction of the cell
73
What is a temperate phage?
A phage that can choose between the lytic cycle ie killing the host bacterium of the lysogenic cycle = replicates the host cell
74
What is a prophage?
A bacteria that has been overtaken by a phage
75
What phages can undergo the lyctic cycle?
Both temperate and virulent
76
What does the lyctic cycle result in?
The destruction of the host cell and release of progeny phages
77
What does the lysogenic cycle result in?
The overtaking of the bacteria host cell
78
What is an epidemic?
Widespread outbreak of a disease
79
What is a pandemic?
A global outbreak of a disease
80
What was the H1N1 virus?
In 2009 a new flu virus was created from pigs, humans and birds causing a pandemic
81
What was the H5N1?
Bird flu
82
How do viruses enter plants?
Through damaged cell walls - aka horizontal transmission
83
What are prions?
Slow acting, indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain disease in mammals
84
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
Via binary fission
85
What are fimbrae?
Hair like appendages that attach prokaryotes cells to other cells
86
What three techniques can result in genetic diversity of prokaryotes?
Transformation, transduction and conjugation
87
What is transduction?
When foreign dna is introduced into a cell via a virus
88
What is conjugation?
The temporary union of bacterial cells that results in exchanging of DNA
89
What are the four modes of nutrition?
1. Photoautotrophy 2. Chemoautotrophy 3. Photoheterotrophy 4. Chemoheterotrophy
90
What are photoautotrophy?
Photoautotrophs are organisms that can make their own energy using light and carbon dioxide via the process of photosynthesis.
91
What are chemoautotrophies?
an organism, typically a bacterium, which derives energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds.
92
What are photoheterotrophs?
they are organisms that use light for energy, but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source.
93
What are chemoheterotrophs?
organism which derives its energy from chemicals, and needs to consume other organisms in order to live.
94
What is gram-positive bacteria?
Positive result in a gram stain test
95
What colour does gram positive bacteria turn the gram stain?
Violet - due to their thick layer of peptidoglycan
96
What colour does gram negative bacteria stain?
Pink or red - due to their thick layer of peptidoglycan
97
What are endospores?
A strong, resistant bacteria
98
What is bioremediation?
Process used to heal contaminated media
99
What are endotoxins?
Endotoxins are compounds found in the cell walls of Gram negative bacteria. These compounds help to form a semi-permeable membrane which is designed to protect bacteria from threats.
100
What are exotoxins?
A toxin secreted by bacteria

Biology 1A (9 decks)

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