Chapter 6 - Epidemics

Question 1

What is an endemic?

Answer 1

The constant presence of a disease in a population

Question 2

What was the bubonic plague?

Answer 2

A disease spread from rats that infected the lymphatic system and caused gangrene, buboes and sepsis

Question 3

What was the name of the bacteria that caused the bubonic plague?

Answer 3

Yersinia Pestis

Question 4

When was the bubonic plague?

Answer 4

541-746 AD

Question 5

How was the bubonic plague treated?

Answer 5

Antibiotics and pest control

Question 6

What virus caused smallpox in 1520?

Answer 6

Variola virus (pox virus )

Question 7

What influenza viruses contains neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA)

Answer 7

Influenza A

Question 8

What caused the Spanish flu?

Answer 8

Bird to human transmission

Question 9

What bacteria caused syphilus?

Answer 9

Treponema Pallidum

Question 10

What caused typhus?

Answer 10

Body Lice

Question 11

What bacteria caused typhus?

Answer 11

Rickettsia Prowasekii

Question 12

What did they treat typhus with?

Answer 12

Doxycycline

Question 13

What bacteria caused typhoid fever?

Answer 13

Salmonella Typhi

Question 14

What caused typhoid fever?

Answer 14

Bacteria ingested from faecal contaminated water/food

Question 15

What bacteria caused cholera?

Answer 15

Vibrio cholerae

Question 16

How do you treat TB?

Answer 16

Antibiotics and antimicrobial drugs

Question 17

What is prevalence?

Answer 17

The proportion of the population infected

example 3% or the total number in a country or across the world

Question 18

What is incidence?

Answer 18

The frequency of a population acquiring infection

Question 19

What is intensity?

Answer 19

Measure of the number or density of parasites per post

Question 20

What is mortality?

Answer 20

The number of deaths in a given time or the percentage of deaths among all cases of infection

Question 21

What is morbidity?

Answer 21

The level of ill-health or disability among all cases of infection or among the general population

Question 22

What is DALYS?

Answer 22

Disability adjusted life years – a measure of overall disease burden – number of healthy years lost to the disease disability or early death

Question 23

What is zoonosis?

Answer 23

An infection or disease that is transmissible from animals to humans under natural conditions

Question 24

What are ectoparasites?

Answer 24

Fleas and ticks that live on the surface of the skin

Question 25

What is toxocara canis a.k.a. helminth?

Answer 25

It is common round worm of dogs and foxes can cross placenta to infect puppies in utero

Question 26

Describe the toxocara canis cycle?

Answer 26

Eggs hatch in stomach releasing larvae – larvae migrate into the lungs liver and brain – in dogs move to the small intestine and mature to adult worms – adult females release eggs and faeces

Question 27

What is echinococcus granulosus?

Answer 27

Hydatid disease from sheep

Question 28

What is toxoplasma Gondi a.k.a. toxoplasmoses?

Answer 28

It is a protozoon parasite that transfers from cats to humans

Question 29

What is an intermediate host?

Answer 29

A temporary host used so that the parasite can mature at least one phase

Question 30

What are the pathological consequences of toxoplasma infection

Answer 30

Cysts in the brain and changing behaviour – nice lose a version to cats – car drivers may be less correct affairs – in pregnancy it can affect the third trimester brain

Question 31

What is the worlds most successful parasite?

Answer 31

Toxoplasma Gondi that affected 30% of humans – the infection came from cat litter and unwashed food and raw meat

Question 32

What are the three types of lice?

Answer 32

The headlice – the pubic lice – the body lice

Question 33

What are the four species of fleas important to humans?

Answer 33

Human fleas – pulex irritants Cat flea - ctenocephadiles felis Dog flea - ctenophalides canis Tropical fat flea - Xenopsylla Cheopis