Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Abnormal Psychology > CHAPTER 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis and Treatment > Flashcards

CHAPTER 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis and Treatment Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of assessment?

A

Collection of relevant information to reach a conclusion;

idiographic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Definition of Clinical assessment?

A

Information used to determine whether, how, and why a person is behaving abnormally and how that person may be helped
- Idiographic; program-based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hundreds of clinical assessment tools have been developed and fall into three categories; What are the three categories?

A
  • Clinical interviews
  • Tests
  • Observations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

To be useful, assessment tools must be…

A

standardised and have clear reliability and validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is standardisation?

A

Standardising is a technique involves setting up common steps to be followed whenever it is administered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three characteristics of assessment tools?

A
  1. Validity
  2. Reliability
  3. Standardization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is reliability?

A

The consistency of an assessment measure

A good tool will always yield the same situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two main types of reliability?

A
  • Test-retest reliability

- Interrater reliability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Test-retest reliability?

A

Yields the same results every time it is given to the same people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Interrater reliability?

A

Different judges independently agree on how to score and interpret a particular tool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is validity?

A

The accuracy of a tool’s results

An assessment tool must accurately measure what it is supposed to measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three specific types of validity?

A
  • Face validity
  • Predictive validity
  • Concurrent validity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are clinal interviews?

A
  • Face-to-face encounter
  • Basic background data gathered with specific theoretical focus
  • Unstructured or structured
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are limitations of clinical interview?

A
  • Lack of validity or accuracy
  • Interviewer bias or mistakes in judgment
  • Lack of reliability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are clinical tests used to gather information about?

A

• Used to gather information about psychological functioning from which broader information is inferred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do projective tests require?

A 
Projective tests require client interpretation of vague or ambiguous stimuli or open-ended instruction; psychodynamic orientation
• Rorschach test
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
• Sentence-completion test
• Drawings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Mindtech: Psychology’s WikiLeaks?

A
  • In 2009, an emergency room physician posted all 10 Rorschach cards on the online encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
  • Many psychologists argue that the test responses of patients who have previously seen the cards on Wikipedia cannot be trusted.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Rorschach test? (InkBlot Test)

A

The Rorschach test is a projective psychological test in which subjects’ perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or both.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is useful in revealing a patient’s dominant motivations, emotions, and core personality conflicts. The TAT consists of a series of 20 cards depicting people in various interpersonal interactions that were intentionally created to be ambiguous.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the Sentence-completion test?

A

Sentence completion tests are a class of semi-structured projective techniques. Sentence completion tests typically provide respondents with beginnings of sentences, referred to as “stems”, and respondents then complete the sentences in ways that are meaningful to them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are drawing tests commonly used to assess?

A

Drawing tests are commonly used to assess the psychological functioning of children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Strengths of clinical tests?

A
  • Until the1 950s, the most commonly used tests for personality assessment
  • Now used to gain supplementary information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Limitations of clinical tests?

A
  • Reliability and validity not consistently shown

* May be biased against minority ethnic groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are personality inventories designed to measure?

A

• Designed to measure broad personality characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do personality inventories focus on?

A

• Focus on behaviors, beliefs, and feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are personality inventories usually based on?

A

• Usually based on self-reported responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the most widely used personality inventory?

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
• For adults: MMPI (original) or MMPI-2 (1989 revision)
• For adolescents: MMPI-A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How many clinical scales does the MMPI consist of?

A

10 clinical scales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What scores range is the MMPI?

A

0 to 120

30
Q

Strengths of personality inventories?

A
  • Easier, cheaper, and faster to administer than projective tests
  • Objectively scored and standardized
  • Appear to have greater validity than projective tests
31
Q

Limitations of personality inventories?

A
  • Cannot be considered highly valid
  • Measured traits often cannot be directly examined
  • Tests do not allow for cultural differences in responses
32
Q

What are clinical tests?

A

Response inventories
• Usually based on self-reported responses
• Focus on one specific area of functioning
• Have strong face validity
• Not all have been subjected to careful standardisation, reliability, and/or validity procedures

33
Q

Clinical test Focus on one specific area of functioning what are these areas?

A
  • Affective inventories (i.e., Beck Depression Inventory)
  • Social skills inventories
  • Cognitive inventories
34
Q

What is the Beck Depression Inventory?

A

The Beck Depression Inventory, created by Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used psychometric tests for measuring the severity of depression.

35
Q

What do Psychophysiological tests measure?

A

Measure physiological response as an indication of psychological problems
• Includes heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, galvanic skin response, and muscle contraction
• Polygraph (lie detector)

36
Q

Weaknesses of clinical tests?

A
  • Require expensive equipment that must be tuned and maintained
  • Can be inaccurate and unreliable
37
Q

Polygraphs are less trusted and used today. TRUE or FALSE?

A

TRUE

38
Q

MRI studies are less accurate than polygraphs, but some variability and false- positive issues exist. TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

39
Q

Neurological tests directly assess ….

A

Neurological tests directly assess brain function by directly assessing brain structure and activity

40
Q

What is intelligence tests designed to do?

A

Designed to indirectly measure intellectual ability

41
Q

Intelligence tests typically consist of a series of tests assessing…?

A

Typically consist of a series of tests assessing both verbal and nonverbal skills

42
Q

What is the general score of intelligence tests?

A

IQ - Intelligence Quotient

43
Q

Do intelligence tests have low or high reliability and validity?

A

High validity and reliability

44
Q

Weaknesses of intelligence tests?

A
  • Tests may contain cultural biases in language or tasks
  • Members of minority groups may have less experience and be less comfortable with these types of tests, influencing their results
45
Q

Where do naturalistic observations occur?

A

Naturalistic observations occur in everyday environments

46
Q

Naturalistic observation are generally made by?

A

• Observations are generally made by “participant observers” and reported to a clinician

47
Q

What is a concern of Naturalistic and analog observations?

A

Reliability and validity are a concern

48
Q

If naturalistic observation is impractical, analogue observations are used and conducted in what settings?

A

artificial settings

49
Q

What is self-monitoring?

A

People observe themselves and carefully record the frequency of certain behaviors, feelings, or cognitions as they occur over time

50
Q

Self-monitoring is useful in assessing?

A

Useful in assessing infrequent or overly frequent behaviours

51
Q

Self-monitoring provides a means of measuring?

A

Provides a means of measuring private thoughts or perceptions

52
Q

What is classification systems?

A

Using all available information, clinicians attempt to paint a “clinical picture” and make a diagnosis

  • A determination that a person’s psychological problems constitute a particular disorder
  • Based on an existing classification system
53
Q

In North America and around the world, the DSM faces competition from two other diagnostic systems; what are they?

A
  • International Classification of Disorders (ICD)

* Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)

54
Q

Where is the DSM-5 (2013) most often used?

A

most often used in the United States

55
Q

What is the DSM-5 (2013)?

A
  • Lists of categories, disorders, and symptom descriptions, with guidelines for assignment
  • Focus on clusters of symptoms (syndromes)
56
Q

What is the ICD-10?

A

• Some differences, but some matching with DSM-5

57
Q

What does the DSM-5 requires clinicians to provide?

A

DSM-5 requires clinicians to provide both categorical and dimensional information as part of a proper diagnosis

58
Q

What is categorical information?

A

The name of the category (disorder) indicated by the client’s symptoms.

59
Q

What is dimensional information?

A

A rating of how severe a client’s symptoms are and how dysfunctional the client is across various dimensions of personality

60
Q

What is the DSM-5 categorical information?

A

Anxiety disorders
• Generalised anxiety disorder; social anxiety disorder; panic disorder; separation anxiety disorder

Depressive disorders
• Major depressive disorder; persistent depressive disorder; premenstrual dysphoric disorder

61
Q

What is the DSM-5 dimensional information?

A

Assessment of current client disorder severity

Rating scales for each disorder
• Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure
• Emotional Distress-Depression Scale

62
Q

Is DSM-5 an effective classification system?

A
  • Predictive validity is most used clinically?

* DSM-5 has greater validity than any previous edition (Validity is still a concern)

63
Q

Can diagnosis and labeling cause harm?

A
  • Misdiagnosis and reliance on clinical judgment are concerns
  • Labeling may be a stigma and lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy
64
Q

What is treatment decisions?

A

Begin with assessment information and diagnostic decisions to determine a treatment plan
• Use a combination of idiographic and nomothetic information

65
Q

Therapy outcome studies typically ask one of three questions: What are they?

A

1) Is therapy in general effective?
2) Are. particular therapies generally effective?
3) Are particular therapies effective for particular problems?

66
Q

Is therapy in general effective?

A

• People in therapy are usually better off than people with similar problems who receive no treatment.

67
Q

Are particular therapies generally effective?

A

• Various therapies do not appear to differ dramatically in their general effectiveness.

68
Q

Are particular therapies effective for particular problems?

A

Certain therapies or combinations of therapies do appear to be more effective than others for certain disorders.

69
Q

Proper diagnoses and effective treatments rest on the shoulders of accurate ______

A

clinical assessment.

70
Q

Brain-scanning techniques continue to offer assessment information about an increasing range of ________

A

psychological disorders.

Abnormal Psychology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions