Mid-Term: CHAPTER 1, 2 & 3

Question 1

Which depressed person would the LEAST likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder because of the specific circumstances in his or her life?

A) someone whose mother was depressed

B) someone whose community was recently destroyed by a hurricane

C) someone who was experiencing a chemical brain imbalance

D) someone who also had an alcohol use disorder

Answer 1

B) someone whose community was recently destroyed by a hurricane

Question 2

Jie had has a feeling of being on edge for several days now. She can’t think of a reason for why she feels this way. This feeling is called:

A) free-floating anxiety.
B) specific anxiety.
C) fearful anxiety.
D) obsession.

Answer 2

A) free-floating anxiety.

Question 3

When Ahmed did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. This thought is an example of:

A) depression.
B) selective perception.
C) overgeneralization.
D) unconditional negative regard.

Answer 3

C) overgeneralization.

Question 4

A person who believes that everything is a disaster and nothing good will ever happen again when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying:

A) meta-worry.
B) irrational assumptions.
C) compulsion.
D) conditions of worth.

Answer 4

B) irrational assumptions.

Question 5

One reason to question the validity of clinical interviews it that:

A) people respond differently to different interviewers.
B) people may respond differently to clinicians who are not of their race.
C) on different days,people might describe themselves differently.
D) interviewers may make mistakes in how they interpret the information they gather.

Answer 5

D) interviewers may make mistakes in how they interpret the information they gather.

Question 6

How does fear differ from anxiety?

A) Fear is a response to a specific threat, whereas anxiety is more general.
B) Anxiety is more likely to lead to aggression than is fear.
C) Fear is a response to an inanimate threat, whereas anxiety is a response to an interpersonal threat.
D) Anxiety is an immediate response, whereas fear is more vague.

Answer 6

A) Fear is a response to a specific threat, whereas anxiety is more general.

Question 7

If a person experienced anxiety or depression following a significant natural disaster, we would say that the person was:

A) suffering from a mental illness.
B) deviant but not dangerous.
C) exhibiting a typical reaction.
D) statistically deviant.

Answer 7

C) exhibiting a typical reaction.

Question 8

A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse)for a client with alcoholism.The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug.Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug?

A) The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol.
B) The drug addresses (corrects) the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse.
C) The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness.
D) The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting.

Answer 8

D) The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting.

Question 9

A person experiences wide-ranging and persistent feelings of worry and anxiety. This is most likely which disorder?

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) specific phobia
C) social anxiety disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Answer 9

A) generalized anxiety disorder

Question 10

A client diagnosed with schizophrenia has begun to exhibit new symptoms, often saying “they tell me I’m crazy, so I must be crazy.” This is MOST likely is an example of:

A) self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) therapist bias.
C) learned helplessness.
D) nomothetic disturbance.

Answer 10

A) self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 11

Which individual would be MOST likely to be classified as exhibiting dysfunctional behaviour?

A) a person who experiences grief immediately after losing her job and then her house

B) a person who is nervous about shopping alone for weeks after being attacked by a mugger

C) a person who always washes his hands immediately after returning home from grocery shopping

D) a person who engages in multiple checking rituals each day and consequently is unable to hold down a job

Answer 11

D) a person who engages in multiple checking rituals each day and consequently is unable to hold down a job

Question 12

The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functions, according to:

A) cognition-focused therapists.
B) behavior-focused therapists.
C) psychoanalysts.
D) humanists.

Answer 12

D) humanists.

Question 13

If stress levels and physical health are negatively correlated, which of the following can the researcher conclude?

A) Stress causes people to have poor health.
B) As stress increases, health decreases.
C) Poor health causes people to experience stress.
D) Mental illness causes both stress and poor health.

Answer 13

B) As stress increases, health decreases.

Question 14

One limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding generalised anxiety disorders is that it cannot explain:

A) the paradox that as poverty gets worse, generalized anxiety declines.
B) the relationships among race, poverty, and job opportunity.
C) why everyone who experiences danger doesn’t experience generalized anxiety.
D) the differences in generalized anxiety in countries around the world.

Answer 14

C) why everyone who experiences danger doesn’t experience generalized anxiety.

Question 15

A person is diagnosed as having severe generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder represents which part of the diagnosis?

A) primary information
B) additional information
C) dimensional information
D) categorical information

Answer 15

D) categorical information

Question 16

Commonly accepted features of abnormality include deviance, distress, dysfunction, and

A) danger.
B) docility.
C) delusions.
D) deference.

Answer 16

A) danger.

Question 17

Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?

A) None of the models are complete within themselves.
B) All of the models include an element of the biological model.
C) The underlying assumptions of each model are the same.
D) Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior.

Answer 17

A) None of the models are complete within themselves.

Question 18

A woman constantly avoids crowded streets and buildings, and she is very reluctant to leave home, even with a friend. Recently, she has started experiencing sudden, extreme fear every time she enters a crowded street. MOST likely, this woman would be diagnosed with

A) panic disorder and specific phobia.
B) panic disorder.
C) agoraphobia and panic disorder.
D) agoraphobia.

Answer 18

C) agoraphobia and panic disorder.

Question 19

Samuel cannot leave for work without going back into his house and making sure that he has taken all of his writing materials. He does this several times before he allows himself to start the car and drive to work He is frequently late for work because he is so unsure about remembering everything. Samuel is displaying:

A) agoraphobia.
B) an obsession.
C) a checking compulsion.
D) nonpathological caution.

Answer 19

C) a checking compulsion.

Question 20

When beginning to speak with a client, a health care provider says "Do you want to share a bit about yourself and why you are here?" The clinician is MOST likely
conducting a (n):

A) mental status exam.
B) personality test.
C) structured interview.
D) unstructured interview.

Answer 20

D) unstructured interview.

Question 21

What would we call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the:

A) defense mechanism.
B) superego.
C) ego.
D) erogenous zone.

Answer 21

B) superego.

Question 22

A new test for anxiety shows consistent levels of anxiety across time for people, but very few people have taken the test and accurate norms do not exist. The test has:

A) high reliability, but inadequate standardization.
B) high reliability, and adequate standardization.
C) low reliability, and inadequate standardization.
D) low reliability, but adequate standardization.

Answer 22

A) high reliability, but inadequate standardization.

Question 23

Which of these describes a compulsion?

A) a thought, idea, impulse, or image that seems to invade a person’s consciousness
B) a strong fear that influences anxiety
C) a repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that people feel they must perform
D) a thought that a person cannot get out of his or her head

Answer 23

C) a repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that people feel they must perform

Question 24

A mental health practitioner attempts to learn about the behavior and emotional state of each client. This approach to abnormal psychology is called:

A) behavioral.
B) nomothetic.
C) idiographic.
D) psychodynamic.

Answer 24

C) idiographic.

Question 25

One hundred psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Group A received a new drug in pill form. Group B was given an identical-looking
placebo pill. A panel of psychiatrists, who did not know which pill each participant received, evaluated all participants for level of agitation. In this study experimenter bias was reduced by

A) having experienced psychiatrists evaluate agitation.

B) having researchers who don’t know who got which pill.

C) adding another placebo condition.

D) adding a therapy group.

Answer 25

B) having researchers who don’t know who got which pill.

Question 26

What are the persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses or images that seem to invade a person’s consciousness called?

A) obsessions
B) phobias
C) panic attacks
D) compulsions

Answer 26

A) obsessions

Question 27

Despite popular misconceptions, most people with psychological problems are not.

A) dysfunctional.
B) dangerous.
C) distressed.
D) deviant.

Answer 27

B) dangerous.

Question 28

Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Which would be a part of your paradigm?

A) The humanistic-existential model
B) The family-social perspective
C) The cognitive model
D) The psychodynamic model

Answer 28

B) The family-social perspective

Question 29

A therapist who has created a new psychotherapy approach initiates this treatment with a client. The therapist conducts a case study and publishes the results. Which factor is MOST likely to be present in this study?

A) observer bias
B) placebo effect
C) lack of informed consent
D) generalization

Answer 29

A) observer bias

Question 30

Abnormal chemical activity in the body’s endocrine system relates to the release of

A) hormones.
B) neurotransmitters.
C) neurons.
D) genes.

Answer 30

A) hormones.

Question 31

Your worries are only thoughts. Don’t try to stop them Recognize that they are thoughts, and don’t let them upset you so much These statements MOST likely would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder?

A) Rational-emotive therapy
B) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
C) Intolerance of uncertainty therapy
D) Biofeedback

Answer 31

B) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

Question 32

Which perspective focuses on the intersection and context of important factors at key points of time throughout a person’s lifespan?

A) Developmental psychology
B) Cognitive
C) Psychodynamic
D) Evolutionary

Answer 32

A) Developmental psychology

Question 33

Which disorder is characterized by severe, persistent, and irrational anxiety about social or performance situations in which the person may face scrutiny by others and
possibly feel embarrassment?

A) specific phobias
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) agoraphobia
D) social anxiety disorder

Answer 33

D) social anxiety disorder

Question 34

One strength of intelligence tests is their.

A) lack of racial or cultural bias.
B) accuracy even when test-takers have high anxiety.
C) very high reliability and fairly high validity.
D) large standardization sample

Answer 34

d) large standardization sample

Question 35

Nicholas has an intense fear of dogs that won’t go away. He avoids looking at pictures of dogs, and sometimes he can’t even leave the house when neighbors are
walking their dogs. This kind of fear would be classified as which kind of disorder?

A) panic disorder
B) phobic disorder
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 35

B) phobic disorder

Question 36

In which of these would aggressive behavior be seen as normal behavior?

A) a society that values cooperation
B) a culture that emphasizes competitiveness
C) a family that has experienced a traumatic event
D) a person who has exhibited this behavior since early childhood

Answer 36

B) a culture that emphasizes competitiveness

Question 37

Regarding the finding that there are more seriously disturbed people within poor subpopulations, a multicultural theorist would focus on the way in which:

A) personal responsibility is related to dysfunction.
B) irrational thoughts contribute to one’s feelings.
C) poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction.
D) early life experiences shape one’s later behavior.

Answer 37

C) poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction

Question 38

What are the “Four Ds” of abnormality?

A) deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger

B) defiance, dissociation, dysfunction, and danger

C) deviance, distress, dysphoria, and damage

D) defiance, dissociation, dysphoria, and damage

Answer 38

A) deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger

Question 39

Who decides the general criteria for defining abnormality?

A) medical doctors
B) psychiatrists and clinical psychologists
C) society

Answer 39

C) society

Question 40

Cara is a successful social media personality. She is the author of several best-selling books and recently gave a TED talk on building a personal brand. She also adheres to a strict diet wherein all of her food must be the same color. Cara is most likely:

A) suffering from abnormality.
B) eccentric.

Answer 40

B) eccentric.

Question 41

Trephining, a process of cutting holes in the skull, is believed to have been used as a psychological treatment in order to:

A) restore balance among the 4 vital humors.

B) undo possession by the devil.

C) release spirits that were trapped inside a disturbed individual’s head.

D) cure a seizure disorder.

E) severe the connections between the frontal lobes and the rest of the brain.

Answer 41

C) release spirits that were trapped inside a disturbed individual’s head.

Question 42

The Greeks’ view of abnormal behavior provided the basis of today’s:

A) psychodynamic perspective.
B) medical model.
C) psychological model.
D) DSM-5.
E) cognitive-behavioral perspective.

Answer 42

B) medical model.

Question 43

Today, ________ dominates the clinical field.

A) the psychoanalytic perspective

B) the cognitive-behavioral perspective

C) the sociocultural perspective

D) the developmental psychopathology perspective

E) no single perspective

Answer 43

E) no single perspective

Question 44

Which perspective holds that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes?

A) the somatogenic perspective
B) the psychogenic perspective
C) neither of these perspectives

Answer 44

A) the somatogenic perspective

Question 45

About what percentage of people with psychological disorders in the United States receive treatment during a year?

A) 15%
B) 30%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Answer 45

C) 60%

Question 46

________ provides causal information and ________ provides general information.

A) Internal validity; external validity
B) External validity; internal validity
C) Independent variable; dependent variable
D) Dependent variable; independent variable

Answer 46

A) Internal validity; external validity

Question 47

Dr. Diaz wants to study whether cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective in reducing anxiety symptoms relative to no therapy. What is the INDEPENDENT variable in this scenario?

A) cognitive-behavioral therapy
B) anxiety symptoms

Answer 47

A) cognitive-behavioral therapy

Question 48

Which design examines the incidence and prevalence of a problem in a given population?

A) natural experiment
B) longitudinal study
C) epidemiological study
D) quasi-experimental design

Answer 48

C) epidemiological study

Question 49

Which of the following designs is LEAST likely to have high external validity?

A) a case study
B) a correlational study
C) an experiment

Answer 49

A) a case study

Question 50

What technique is used for reducing the effects of preexisting differences?

A) masked design
B) placebo therapy
C) matched design
D) random assignment

Answer 50

D) random assignment

Question 51

Which of these was Philippe Pinel’s argument for his asylum reform?

A) Mental problems had a biological basis and required medication.
B) Patients were afflicted by demons and needed prayer and exorcisms.
C) Patients were people with illnesses that should be treated with sympathy.
D) Mental illness was caused by immoral behavior and could be cured with beatings.

Answer 51

C) Patients were people with illnesses that should be treated with sympathy.

Question 52

The form of experiment used MOST often to study the psychological effects of unusual or unpredictable events is:

A) a natural experiment.
B) a matched-design experiment.
C) an analogue experiment.
D) a single-subject experiment.

Answer 52

A) a natural experiment.

Question 53

To accomplish random assignment, one could assign participants to groups by:

A) placing all the participants sharing an important characteristic in the same group.
B) making sure there is only one participant in each group.
C) flipping a coin to determine group assignment.
D) asking participants to choose the group they prefer.

Answer 53

C) flipping a coin to determine group assignment

Question 54

Madeline believes that mental illnesses are diseases that can be cured with pharmacological treatments. This theory is called the:

A) diathesis-stress model.
B) diagnostic model.
C) biological model.
D) biopsychosocial model.
E)psychodynamic model.

Answer 54

C) biological model.

Question 55

According to Freud, psychological disorders stem from conflicts between the:

A) superego and ego.
B) id, ego, and superego.
C) conscious and unconscious.
D) sexual drives and libidinal drives.
E) eros and thanatos.

Answer 55

B) id, ego, and superego.

Question 56

Adam yells at his roommate about being overly messy; Adam, however, is even messier. Adam is MOST likely exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms?

A) displacement
B) rationalization
C) projection
D) denial

Answer 56

C) projection

Question 57

Hiro was reprimanded by his boss for not working fast enough. When Hiro got home, he yelled at his kids and told them that they were grounded because their homework wasn’t yet done.

A) sublimation
B) repression
C) projection
D) displacement

Answer 57

D) displacement

Question 58

During therapy, a patient is asked to describe any thought, image, or feeling that comes to mind. What technique is the therapist using?

A) working through
B) free association
C) catharsis
D) transference

Answer 58

B) free association

Question 59

Learning based on behavioral consequences is known as:

A) classical conditioning
B) modeling
C) operant conditioning

Answer 59

C

Question 60

Humanistic-existential theorists believe that psychological disorders result from:

A) dysfunctional parenting.
B) maladaptive behavior.
C) maladaptive thoughts and beliefs.
D) an incongruence between the real self and the ideal self.

Answer 60

D) an incongruence between the real self and the ideal self.

Question 61

Which type of therapy uses role playing and self-discovery exercises?

A) gestalt therapy
B) existential therapy
C) psychodynamic therapy
D) cognitive-behavioral therapy

Answer 61

A) gestalt therapy

Question 62

Carl Rogers believed that in client-centered therapy the therapist should:

A) provide a corrective emotional experience.
B) express genuine empathy and unconditional positive regard.
C) give homework for the client to complete.
D) implement rational-emotive therapy.

Answer 62

B) express genuine empathy and unconditional positive regard.

Question 63

Which model has the strongest research support?

A) family-social
B) multicultural
C) humanistic
D) cognitive-behavioral
E) All of these have equally strong research support.

Answer 63

D) cognitive-behavioral

Question 64

Resistance, transference, and dreams are aspects of which type of model?

A) cognitive-behavioral
B) psychodynamic
C) humanistic-existential
D) sociocultural

Answer 64

B) psychodynamic

Question 65

________ measures accuracy whereas ________ measures consistency.

A) Validity; reliability
B) Reliability; validity

Answer 65

A) Validity; reliability

Question 66

Dr. Barlow administers the Beck Depression Inventory in the same experiment that he administers his new depression questionnaire. He is checking for:

A) test-retest reliability.
B) predictive validity.
C) concurrent validity.
D) construct validity.
E) internal consistency.

Answer 66

C) concurrent validity.

Question 67

Tracey is given the MMPI three times, and the results are the same each time he takes it. This assessment has high:

A) interrater reliability.
B) test-retest reliability.
C) face validity.
D) predictive validity.
E) concurrent validity.

Answer 67

B) test-retest reliability.

Question 68

Rorschach tests, Thematic Apperception Test, sentence-completion test, and drawings are examples of what type of test for personality?

A) projective test
B) personality inventory
C) psychophysiological test
D) neurological test

Answer 68

A) projective test

Question 69

Which do you think is the BEST way to measure someone’s personality?

A) Thematic Apperception Test
B) Rorschach inkblots
C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
D) psychophysiological test
E) personality inventory

Answer 69

C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Question 70

What contributes the MOST to therapy outcomes?

A) type of therapy
B) client-therapist relationship
C) expectation of therapy’s success
D) events in the client’s life

Answer 70

D) events in the client’s life

Question 71

What percentage of individuals in the U.S. qualify for a DSM diagnosis during their lifetime?

A) about 10%
B) about 25%
C) about 50%
D) about 75%

Answer 71

C) about 50%

Question 72

One of the changes made in DSM-5, is that it requires clinicians to now provide _____________, in addition to categorical information.

A) psychophysiological data
B) information regarding mental status
C) dimensional information
D) psychosocial information

Answer 72

C) dimensional information

Question 73

A psychologist was interested in the effect of hunger on psychological disturbances. The psychologist deprived half of a group of healthy volunteers of food for one day and fed the other half normally. The next day, all participants took the MMPI-2. What was the independent variable?

a. the level of food deprivation
b. the MMPI-2
c. the results on the MMPI-2
d. the length of time the psychologist controlled food intake

Answer 73

a. the level of food deprivation

Question 74

When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from:

a. unresolved intrapsychic conflict.
b. operant conditioning.
c. unconditional positive regard.
d. neurotransmitter imbalances.

Answer 74

b. operant conditioning.