CHAPTER 8: Disorders Featuring Somatic Symptoms Flashcards by Ghaidaa Dakik

Having a background in medicine,but also a grudge against the profession,puts a person at risk for:

A) a factitious disorder.
B) body dysmorphic disorder.
C) amnesia conversion disorder.
D) somatic symptom disorder.

A) a factitious disorder.

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Although Gio has always taken good care of his health and well-being,over the past month he has been feeling a lot of pressure at work.He finds himself scrambling trying to meet a deadline that is fast approaching.Which change in his behavior may indirectly affect his immune system?

A) Gio is worried he may lose his job and won’t have enough money to pay the bills.
B) Gio is not getting enough sleep because he is so busy working.
C) Gio begins to feel more pessimistic.
D) Gio finds that his anger is increasing.

B) Gio is not getting enough sleep because he is so busy working.

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You are a therapist using self-instruction training.Your client repeatedly tells you,”I can’t take the pain.It is just too much.” This is an example of a:

A) managing self-statement.
B) negative self-statement.
C) positive self-statement.
D) coping self-statement.

B) negative self-statement.

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Which is likely to be useful in distinguishing conversion or somatic symptom disorders from true medical problems?

A) the particular body part showing the symptom
B) the failure of a condition to develop as expected
C) the patient’s description of the source of the symptoms
D) the patient’s experiencing the usual course of development for the physical symptoms characteristic of the condition

A) the particular body part showing the symptom

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In the latter half of the nineteenth century,a person who today is diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder would MOST likely have been diagnosed with:

A) Freudian syndrome.
B) pseudopsychological syndrome.
C) Briquet’s syndrome.
D) referenced pain syndrome.

C) Briquet’s syndrome.

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_____ are protein molecules that recognize and bind to antigens,mark them for destruction,and prevent them from causing infection.

A) Helper T-cells
B) Natural killer T-cells
C) B-cells
D) Antibodies

D) Antibodies

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_____ experience greater stress than _____ in response to a major personal injury or illness,a major change in work responsibilities,or a major change in living conditions.

A) Non-Hispanic white Americans; African Americans
B) Non-Hispanic white Americans; Hispanic Americans
C) African Americans; non-Hispanic white Americans
D) Hispanic Americans; African Americans

C) African Americans; non-Hispanic white Americans

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Will recently recovered from having ulcers.He had care from family and friends and,as a result,recovered faster than expected.This may be due to:

A) biochemical activity.
B) behavioral changes.
C) personality style.
D) social support.

D) social support.

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_____ is the study of the connections between stress,the body’s immune system,and illness.

A) Psychoanalysis
B) Behaviorism
C) Psychoneuroimmunology
D) Behavioral medicine

C) Psychoneuroimmunology

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Excessive activity of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine contributes to a slowdown of the:

A) immune system.
B) autonomic nervous system.
C) sympathetic nervous system.
D) cardiovascular system.

D) cardiovascular system.

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Charley brings her young daughter into the emergency room with internal bleeding.The attending physician later concludes that Charley caused the symptoms in her daughter intentionally,wanting to gain attention and praise for her devoted care of her sick child.If this assessment is correct,the appropriate diagnosis is:

A) a psychophysiological disorder.
B) a conversion disorder.
C) Munchausen syndrome.
D) Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

D) Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

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Beyond its use in the control of pain,_____ has been used successfully to help treat such problems as skin diseases,asthma,insomnia,high blood pressure,warts,and other forms of infection.

A) hypnosis
B) relaxation training
C) biofeedback training
D) mindfulness meditation

C) biofeedback training

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What is one of society’s most negative social conditions that may set the stage for psychophysiological disorders?

A) traffic
B) poverty
C) underemployment
D) academic pressure

A) traffic

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Overabundance of _____ can lead to chronic inflammation throughout the body,contributing to heart disease,stroke,and other illnesses.

A) norepinephrine
B) corticosteroids
C) cytokines
D) collagen

B) corticosteroids

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Because of similarities in presentation,people with illness anxiety disorder often receive the same kinds of treatments used to address symptoms of:

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) depression.
C) anorexia.
D) bulimia.

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

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Kelsey feels stressed because of her responsibilities as a mother.Even so,she tends to be optimistic,engages in constructive coping,and is resilient.The likelihood of her developing a psychophysiological disorder is slim due to:

A) biochemical activity.
B) behavioral changes.
C) personality style.
D) social support.

C) personality style.

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People with _____ are thought to be more relaxed,less aggressive,and less concerned about time.

A) Type A personality style
B) Type B personality style
C) factitious disorder
D) conversion disorder

A) Type A personality style

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A woman who is particularly threatened by any display of her own anger becomes unable to speak when she is most angry with her husband,thereby keeping the anger out of her awareness.According to psychodynamic theorists,she is achieving _____ from her illness.

A) primary gain
B) secondary gain
C) tertiary gain
D) no gain

A) primary gain

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_____ are equally helpful in the treatment of high blood pressure,headaches,and asthma.

A) Relaxation training and biofeedback training
B) Meditation and relaxation training
C) Hypnosis and biofeedback training
D) Meditation and biofeedback training

C) Hypnosis and biofeedback training

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Those who suffer from chronic insomnia may:

A) feel as if they are constantly awake.
B) be more productive in the late evening.
C) suffer from a chronic respiratory condition.
D) have a history of migraine headaches.

A) feel as if they are constantly awake.

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Someone who intentionally feigns an illness to receive external gain is described as someone who:

A) is malingering.
B) is experiencing somatization.
C) has a factitious disorder.
D) has an illness anxiety disorder.

D) has an illness anxiety disorder.

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Margo feels a lot of stress from things at home and has started drinking more than usual.If she develops a psychophysiological disorder it will be because of:

A) biochemical activity.
B) behavioral changes.
C) personality style.
D) social support.

B) behavioral changes.

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Who is MOST likely to experience a psychophysiological disorder? A) a non-Hispanic white American male B) an African American male C) a Hispanic American female D) a non-Hispanic white American female

B) an African American male

Which finding would lead you to suspect someone has a conversion disorder rather than another medical cause for the condition? A) muscle atrophy in the "paralyzed" body part B) uniform and even numbness in the "damaged" hand C) symptoms consistent with the way the neurological system is known to work D) a great number of accidents and an inability,in a "blind" person,to get around

"paralyzed" body part | B) uniform and even numbness in the "damaged" hand

How do somatic symptom disorders differ from conversion disorders? A) Conversion disorders usually last less time. B) Somatic symptom disorders usually begin late in life. C) Somatic symptom disorders are more common in the United States. D) Conversion disorders are more common in men.

D) Conversion disorders are more common in men.

A researcher conducts studies to better understand how exposure to stress affects the immune system.This researcher is practicing in the field of: A) psychoanalysis. B) behaviorism. C) psychoneuroimmunology. D) behavioral medicine.

C) psychoneuroimmunology.

A professional health-care provider has evidence that a patient has intentionally faked her illness.To determine whether the patient is malingering or experiencing a factitious disorder,what must be examined? A) the method the patient used to make herself ill B) the motivation the patient has for assuming the sick role C) who else,if anyone,the patient is making ill D) the severity of the symptoms the patient has experienced

B) the motivation the patient has for assuming the sick role

Where do muscle contraction headaches typically produce pain? A) in the front or back of the head or in the back of the neck B) on one side of the head C) on both sides of the head and the neck and shoulders D) in the front and center of the head and behind the eyes

A) in the front or back of the head or in the back of the neck

Somatic complaints are very common in non-Western medical settings.This pattern MOST likely reflects: A) higher levels of the emotions in these countries that produce somatization. B) the effects of living in a collectivist culture. C) a view that somatization is an appropriate way to handle emotions. D) an Asian bias to celebrate somatization as the only "real" response to emotion.

C) a view that somatization is an appropriate way to handle emotions

An individual with Munchausen syndrome by proxy usually: A) has a history of psychotic episodes. B) is severely independent. C) is emotionally needy. D) has a low level of intelligence.on.

C) is emotionally needy.

Someone who has Munchausen syndrome also,by definition,has: A) Munchausen by proxy. B) a factitious disorder. C) somatic symptom disorder. D) conversion disorder.

B) a factitious disorder.

Fungi are an example of: A) lymphocytes. B) antigens. C) allergens. D) T-cells.

D) T-cells.

Stress-related writing has been found to be beneficial for patients with either HIV infection or cancer.This is an example of the effectiveness of: A) hypnosis. B) relaxation training. C) emotion expression. D) mindfulness meditation.

A) hypnosis.

Shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and a choking sensation are symptoms commonly associated with: A) insomnia. B) asthma. C) muscle contractions. D) migraine headaches.

B) asthma.

A person with hypertension would MOST likely: A) have shortness of breath. B) appear flushed and laboring to breathe. C) report concerns about excessive sweating. D) exhibit no outward signs of disease.

A) have shortness of breath.

A therapist treating a client with illness anxiety disorder repeatedly shows the client how the client's body is less than perfect,while not allowing the client to seek medical attention.MOST likely,this therapist's viewpoint is: A) cognitive-behavioral. B) psychodynamic. C) biological. D) sociocultural.

A) cognitive-behavioral.

Munchausen syndrome by proxy is MOST likely to adversely affect the physical well-being of: A) the person experiencing it. B) the child of the person experiencing it. C) the spouse of the person experiencing it. D) the medical personnel caring for the person experiencing it.

B) the child of the person experiencing it.

_____ is a field that combines psychological and physical interventions to treat or prevent medical problems. A) Behavioral medicine B) Psychoneuroimmunology C) Psychoanalysis D) Biofeedback training

D) Biofeedback training

What helps the body identify and destroy antigens and cancer cells? A) antigens B) legions C) T-cells D) lymphocytes

C) T-cells

Teaching people to relax their muscles at will is a form of: A) behavioral medicine. B) relaxation training. C) biofeedback training. D) meditation

B) relaxation training.

A therapist who is caring for someone with an illness anxiety disorder should expect to find which of the following? A) numerous somatic symptoms B) delay in seeking treatment from a medical professional C) physical symptoms that affect voluntary motor or sensory functioning D) frequent checking of the body for signs of illness

D) frequent checking of the body for signs of illness

The white blood cells that circulate through the lymph system and bloodstream are referred to as: A) antigens. B) legions. C) T-cells. D) lymphocytes.

B) legions.

Compared with a migraine headache,the pain associated with a muscle contraction headache is typically: A) less severe. B) equally severe. C) somewhat more severe. D) substantially more severe.

A) less severe.

According to the psychodynamic view,conversion disorder symptoms function to keep unacceptable thoughts and conflicts out of consciousness.This is called: A) sociocultural stress. B) primary gain. C) reinforcement. D) secondary gain.

B) primary gain.

The use of electrical signals from the body to train people to control physiological processes is called: A) behavioral medicine. B) relaxation training. C) biofeedback training. D) meditation.

B) relaxation training.

The most widely applied method of biofeedback uses a device called an _____,which provides feedback about the level of muscular tension in the body. A) electromyograph B) electrode wand C) ultrasound machine D) emotional regulator

C) ultrasound machine

Most people who have _____ were children or young teenagers at the time of the first attack. A) insomnia B) asthma C) muscle contractions D) migraine headaches

B) asthma

Researchers have examined the relationship between the sleep people need and the sleep people get.Based on their findings,which statement is generally TRUE? A) Most infants and children get the amount of sleep they need,but most teenagers do not. B) People need more sleep as they age,and they generally get enough. C) The biggest discrepancy seen between the amount of sleep needed and the actual sleep gotten is in preschoolers. D) Across all age groups,people generally get less sleep than they need.

D) Across all age groups,people generally get less sleep than they need.

An individual who has been diagnosed with a somatic symptom disorder would MOST likely first seek: A) psychological help. B) medical help. C) both psychological and medical help. D) neither psychological nor medical help.

B) medical help.

Which statement is TRUE about factitious disorders? A) Individuals with factitious disorder are not trying to achieve some external gain by faking illness. B) Individuals with factitious disorder do not intentionally create illness. C) Individuals with factitious disorder have no control over their behavior. D) Individuals with factitious disorder do not want to assume the sick role.

A) Individuals with factitious disorder are not trying to achieve some external gain by faking illness.

Despite having clear economic disadvantages,the health of Hispanic Americans is,on average,at least as good as,and often better than,that of both non-Hispanic white Americans and African Americans.What is one theory that explains this paradox? A) There tend to be more hospitals in Hispanic American neighborhoods. B) Hispanic Americans face less life stressors compared to other ethnic groups. C) The strong family support common in Hispanic American culture increases health resilience among members of this culture. D) Hispanic Americans do not face racial discrimination and,therefore,are under less stress.

A) There tend to be more hospitals in Hispanic American neighborhoods.

Which statement concerning psychological treatments for physical disorders is MOST accurate? A) Therapists should focus on one technique to achieve the best outcomes. B) Meditation is the most effective treatment for physical disorders and should be tried first. C) Psychological interventions are often most helpful when they are combined. D) Psychological treatments of physical disorders have not been shown to be effective.

A) Therapists should focus on one technique to achieve the best outcomes.

A 35-year-old woman hobbles into the office of a physician complaining of a debilitating illness that has robbed her of the use of her left leg and right arm.The physician,however,finds no physical basis for her symptoms.The patient appears totally unaware that the cause of her symptoms may be psychological.The appropriate diagnosis in this case is: A) malingering. B) a factitious disorder. C) a conversion disorder. D) an illness anxiety disorder.

C) a conversion disorder.

Which statement BEST reflects our understanding of hysterical disorders? A) Hysterical disorders are explained similarly to how anxiety disorders are explained. B) Currently,hysterical disorders are thought to be due to a "wandering uterus." C) Hysterical disorder symptoms appear to be particularly resistant to hypnosis. D) The causes of hysterical disorders are poorly understood,with no theory predominant in aiding understanding.

D) The causes of hysterical disorders are poorly understood,with no theory predominant in aiding understanding.

_____ seems to be particularly helpful in the control of pain. A) Hypnosis B) Relaxation training C) Biofeedback training D) Mindfulness meditation

A) Hypnosis

Difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep is called: A) tension contractions. B) narcolepsy. C) irregular sleep pattern. D) insomnia.

B) narcolepsy.

_____ has been used to help manage pain and to treat high blood pressure,heart problems,asthma,skin disorders,diabetes,insomnia,and even viral infections. A) Behavioral medicine B) Relaxation training C) Biofeedback training D) Meditation

D) Meditation

Cindy has recently been diagnosed with cancer.Her quality of life is now poor because her coping style is one of helplessness,and she also has problems expressing her feelings.This is related to: A) biochemical activity. B) behavioral changes. C) personality style. D) social support.

C) personality style.

Topher often goes to urgent care for a wide variety of physical symptoms. However, no matter what his symptoms are, the healthcare providers never observe physical evidence that explains why the symptoms occur. Topher likely has a: A) conversion disorder. B) somatic symptom disorder. C) body dysmorphic disorder. D) psychophysiological disorder.

B) somatic symptom disorder.

Taylor has started smoking to help ease her stress from work.If she develops a psychophysiological disorder,it will be a result of: A) biochemical activity. B) behavioral changes. C) personality style. D) social support.

C) personality style.

What assigns numerical values to the stress that most people experience at some time in their lives? A) Adult Stress Questionnaire B) Social Readjustment Rating Scale C) Anxiety and Stress Questionnaire D) Life Stress Scale

B) Social Readjustment Rating Scale

Most often,conversion disorders begin during which life phases? A) Late childhood and young adulthood B) Adolescence and middle age C) Early childhood and adolescence D) Middle age and late adulthood

A) Late childhood and young adulthood

Which statement would a cognitive-behavioral theorist be MOST likely to make about hysterical disorders? A) The patient is receiving secondary gains from the symptoms. B) The patient is unable to express any emotion except anxiety. C) The patient is being rewarded for behaving in this way. D) The patient is otherwise unable to communicate difficult emotions.

D) The patient is otherwise unable to communicate difficult emotions.

Four adults have experienced a stressful event.The individual at greatest risk for developing a physical illness is the person who recently: A) experienced the death of a spouse. B) was sentenced to a jail term. C) experienced the death of a sibling. D) was unexpectedly fired.

C) experienced the death of a sibling.

If a person's bodily symptoms affect his or her voluntary motor and sensory functions,but the symptoms are inconsistent with any known medical disease,this condition is referred to as: A) malingering. B) illness anxiety disorder. C) selective symptomatology. D) conversion disorder.

D) conversion disorder.

If you looked in Leijla's medicine cabinet,you would find dozens of prescriptions and even more over-the-counter medications.Every time she sneezes,Leijla is sure she has the latest deadly flu,although no physician has ever found anything wrong with her.Leijla probably suffers from: A) conversion disorder. B) body dysmorphic disorder. C) Munchausen syndrome. D) somatic symptom disorder.

D) somatic symptom disorder.

Relaxation training differs from mediation in that: A) relaxation focuses on the body,whereas meditation focuses on turning one's concentration inward. B) relaxation focuses on quieting the mind,whereas mediation focuses on amplifying one's thoughts. C) relaxation is better for beginners,whereas meditation is better for people with expertise in stress management. D) relaxation is designed to relieve pain,whereas meditation focuses more on overall well-being.

D) relaxation is designed to relieve pain,whereas meditation focuses more on overall well-being.

What is a contributing factor that partly explains why African Americans have more health problems than non-Hispanic white Americans? A) African Americans are not taught to care about their health as much as non-Hispanic white Americans. B) African Americans are more likely to live in poverty and face discrimination,which contributes to stress. C) African Americans place a strong emphasis on social relationships,family support,and religiousness,and this takes away from time spent focusing on health. D) Different racial groups experience psychophysiological and other health problems in unique ways.

B) African Americans are more likely to live in poverty and face discrimination,which contributes to stress.

A person who has a disorder in which she is translating conflicts and anxiety into physical symptoms is said to have a _____ disorder. A) phobia B) dissociative C) psychophysiological D) conversion

D) conversion

The way a person generally responds to life reflects that person's: A) biochemical activity. B) behavioral response pattern. C) personality style. D) social support system.

B) behavioral response pattern.

What is the general relationship between gender and somatic symptom disorder? A) More men than women are diagnosed with both the somatization pattern and predominant pain pattern forms of somatic symptom disorder. B) More women than men are diagnosed with both the somatization pattern and predominant pain pattern forms of somatic symptom disorder. C) More men than women are diagnosed with the somatization pattern,but more women than men are diagnosed with the predominant pain pattern form of somatic symptom disorder. D) More women than men are diagnosed with the somatization pattern,but more men than women are diagnosed with the predominant pain pattern form of somatic symptom disorder.

B) More women than men are diagnosed with both the somatization pattern and predominant pain pattern forms of somatic symptom disorder.

The first time the patient reported vague chest pains to a 911 operator,local EMTs responded with obvious attention and concern.Over the next several months,the patient called 911 more and more often,receiving the same concerned care for the same symptoms.This pattern of patient response is MOST easily explained by which theoretical perspective? A) the biological perspective B) the cognitive-behavioral perspective C) the humanistic perspective D) the psychodynamic perspective

B) the cognitive-behavioral perspective

Abnormalities that are thought to have both biological and psychological causes are diagnosed as: A) factitious disorders. B) somatic symptom disorder. C) psychogenic disorders. D) psychological factors affecting one's medical condition.

B) somatic symptom disorder.

How likely is someone with undiagnosed conversion disorder to seek psychotherapy initially? A) Not likely at all; most people with conversion disorder seek psychotherapy as a last resort. B) Somewhat likely,but a small majority of people with conversion disorder still seek medical therapy first. C) Very likely; a majority of patients with conversion disorder are first evaluated by a psychologist. D) Extremely likely; the vast majority of patients with conversion disorder initially seek treatment from a psychologist.

B) Somewhat likely,but a small majority of people with conversion disorder still seek medical therapy first.

Adrian recently graduated from college and has started a new job in his field of study.He has very long work hours and gets little sleep.He quit exercising and is not eating a balanced diet.If he develops a psychophysiological disorder,it will be because of: A) biochemical activity. B) behavioral changes. C) personality style. D) social support.

C) personality style.

A man received kindness and sympathy from his wife when he was mute. What kind of gains is he receiving from his behavior? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) none

B) secondary

Juanita often feels lonely and does not have many close friends.She also has poor immune functioning and tends to get sick often.This may be due to the factor of: A) biochemical activity. B) behavioral changes. C) personality style. D) social support.

C) personality style.

What is the disorder with a wide range of vague,long-lasting,and disturbing physical symptoms without a medical cause? A) somatic symptom disorder (somatization pattern) B) somatic symptom disorder (predominant pain pattern) C) conversion disorder (somatization pattern) D) conversion disorder (predominant pain pattern)

A) somatic symptom disorder (somatization pattern)

What is the main criticism of the cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic explanations for the maintenance of hysterical disorders? A) They focus too much on the gains the patient receives from the disorder. B) They fail to take into account the gains the patient receives from the disorder. C) They confuse the ideas of gain and reward. D) They cannot explain how the gains can outweigh the pain of the disorder.

D) They cannot explain how the gains can outweigh the pain of the disorder.

_____,often in combination with medication,has been widely used in the treatment of high blood pressure. A) Behavioral medicine B) Relaxation training C) Biofeedback training D) Meditation

A) Behavioral medicine

Isaac had finally had enough of his inability to walk.He went to therapy and eventually addressed a traumatic car crash from his past.Over time,he began to walk again.According to his psychodynamic therapist,why did these positive changes occur? A) Isaac became conscious of and resolved his underlying fears,thereby eliminating the need to convert anxiety into physical symptoms. B) Isaac got increased rewards for healthy behaviors,which motivated him to walk. C) Isaac began to think differently about the nature and causes of his physical symptoms and illness. D) The antidepressant medications Isaac was prescribed helped alleviate his physical symptoms as well as his feelings of anxiety and depression.

A) Isaac became conscious of and resolved his underlying fears,thereby eliminating the need to convert anxiety into physical symptoms.

Which statement BEST describes someone with illness anxiety disorder? A) A person has an illness and believes he or she will never fully recover. B) A person misinterprets normal bodily functions and changes as signs of a serious health condition. C) A person fabricates symptoms and seeks ongoing treatment from health care professionals. D) A person causes real illness as a direct result of numerous preventive measures and self-pretreatment.

B) A person misinterprets normal bodily functions and changes as signs of a serious health condition.

With _____,a person pays attention to the feelings,thoughts,and sensations that are flowing through his or her mind but does so with detachment and objectivity and,most important,without judgment. A) behavioral medicine B) relaxation training C) biofeedback training D) mindfulness meditation

A) behavioral medicine

Bartrop and colleagues compared the immune systems of 26 people whose spouses had died 8 weeks earlier with those of 26 matched control-group participants whose spouses had not died.The blood samples revealed that _____ was much lower in the bereaved people than in the controls. A) lymphocyte functioning B) neurotransmitter activity C) antigen replication D) ion activity

C) antigen replication

Which of these is a type of factitious disorder? A) mass hysteria B) Munchausen syndrome C) hypochondriasis D) untreated migraine disorder

B) Munchausen syndrome

A patient consistently complains of an assortment of physiological ailments.After physical evaluation and close monitoring,the healthcare provider determines that she is intentionally producing the physical symptoms in order to appear sick to fill some psychological need.This would be classified as a: A) factitious disorder. B) conversion disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) psychophysical disorder.

A) factitious disorder.

The gain people derive when their somatic symptoms elicit kindness from others is known as: a. primary gain. b. secondary gain.

b. secondary gain.

Ty has long been bothered by bouts of intense gastrointestinal pain. This pain has severely impacted Ty’s life, making it difficult for him to work for weeks at a time. He has had numerous tests and exploratory surgeries, but no doctor has been able to determine the cause of his pain. The most recent doctor to examine Ty suggested that he visit a psychologist because the doctor suspects the real problem to be: a. somatic symptom disorder. b. conversion disorder. c. illness anxiety disorder. d. factitious disorder.

a. somatic symptom disorder.

________ is a disorder in which a person’s bodily symptoms affect his/her voluntary motor and sensory functions, although the symptoms are inconsistent with known medical diseases. a. conversion disorder b. somatic symptom disorder c. illness anxiety disorder d. factitious disorder

a. conversion disorder

The characteristic of the Type A personality that is most linked to an increased risk of heart disease is: a. perfectionism. b. overload. c. hostility. d. cynicism.

c. hostility.

Sociocultural theorists have identified which factor as influencing psychophysiological illnesses? a. racial discrimination b. income c. family relationships d. social support e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Researchers have identified a number of psychological factors that foster resilience to stress. Which of these is NOT one of those factors? a. optimistic attitude b. sense of spirituality c. lack of emotionality d. acceptance of challenges e. absence of hopelessness

c. lack of emotionality

White blood cells that circulate through the lymph system and destroy viruses and cancer cells are known as: a. lymphocytes. b. antigens. c. antibodies. d. erythrocytes.

a. lymphocytes.