Chapter 3: Computer Software and Hardware Flashcards by Harvie Morcilla

Enumeration:
Types of Computer Systems

Microcomputer Systems
Midrange Systems
Mainframe Systems

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Personal computers, network computers, technical workstations, personal digital assistants, information appliances, etc.

Microcomputer Systems

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Network servers, minicomputers, web servers, multiuser systems, etc.

Midrange Systems

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Enterprise systems, superservers, transaction processors, supercomputers, etc.

Mainframe Systems

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are the most important category of computer systems for both businesspeople and consumers. Although usually called a personal computer, or PC, a ________ is much more than a small computer for use by an individual as a communicator device. The computing power of micro computers now exceeds that of the mainframes of previous computer generations, at a fraction of their cost. Thus, they have become powerful networked professional workstations for business professionals.

Microcomputer Systems

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The term ______ describes a category of extremely powerful computer system specifically designed for scientific, engineering, business applications requiring extremely high speeds for massive numeric computations. The market for supercomputers includes government research agencies, large universities, and major corporations. They use _________ for applications such as global weather fore-casting, military defense systems, computational cosmology and astronomy, microprocessor research and design, and large-scale data mining.

Supercomputer Systems

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_________ is the generic name given to all input, output, and secondary storage devices that are part of a computer system but are not part of the CPU. _________ depend on direct connections or telecommunications links to the central processing unit of a computer system. Thus, all peripherals are online devices; that is, they are separate from, but can be electronically connected to and controlled by, a CPU.

Peripherals

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Keyboards are still the most widely used devices for entering data and text into computer systems. However, ___________ are a better alternative for issuing commands, making choices, and responding to prompts displayed on your video screen. They work with your operating system’s graphical user interface (GUI), which presents you with icons, menus, windows, buttons, and bars for your selection.

Pointing Devices

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Enumeration:

Kinds of Pointing Devices

ELECTRONIC MOUSE
TRACKBALL
POINTING STICK
TOUCH PAD

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is the most popular pointing device used to move the cursor on the screen, as well as issue commands and make icon and menu selections

ELECTRONIC MOUSE

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is a stationary device related to the mouse.

TRACKBALL

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A _______ (also called a trackpoint) is a small button-like device, sometimes likened to the eraser head of a pencil.

POINTING STICK

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The ________ is a small rectangular touch-sensitive surface usually placed below the keyboard.

TOUCH PAD

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Enumeration:

Types of Software

System Software
Application Software
Programming Software
Middleware

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______________ are software applications designed to help individuals manage personal information, such as contacts, calendars, tasks, notes, and sometimes even email.

PERSONAL INFORMATION MANAGERS

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A software that helps workgroups and teams collaborate to accomplish group assignments.

GROUPWARE

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It refer to different programs or applications that serve similar purposes or provide similar functionalities.

SOFTWARE ALTERNATIVES

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it is a model for allowing convenient, on demand access from anywhere to a shared pool of computing resources.

CLOUD COMPUTING

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_____________ in software refers to the efficient allocation and utilization of resources such as CPU, memory, storage, and network bandwidth to ensure optimal performance and reliability of software applications.

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

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_______________ in software involves organizing, storing, retrieving, and manipulating files and data within a computer system

FILE MANAGEMENT

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____________________in software involves organizing, tracking, and prioritizing tasks or activities to ensure efficient completion of goals and projects.

TASK MANAGEMENT

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computer operating system (OS) developed by Microsoft Corporation to run personal computers (PCs)

Microsoft Windows

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Who develop Microsoft?

Bill Gates and Paul Allen (1975)

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Date that Windows 1 released?

1985

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Date that Windows 3.1 released?

1992

Date that Windows 95 released?

1995

Date that Windows NT released?

1995

Date that Windows 98 released?

1998

Date that Windows XP released?

2001

Date that Windows Vista released?

2006

Date that Windows 7 released?

2009

Date that Windows 8 released?

2012

Date that Windows 10 released?

2015

an open source operating system (OS) that directly manages a system's hardware and resources low-cost, powerful and reliable UNIX-like OS was developed as free or low-cost shareware or open-source software in 1990s by Linus Torvald of Finland

Linux

used for Internet servers, workstations, and mainframe computers multitasking, multiuser, network-managing OS whose portability allows it to run on mainframes, midrange computers, and microcomputers

Unix

is software with source code that anyone can access developers collaborate on the development of an application using programming standards that allow for anyone to contribute to the software

Open Source Software

a programming language for creating Web pages a page description language that creates hypertext or hypermedia documents

HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)

a programming language that supports information exchange between computer systems it describes the contents of Web pages (including business documents designed for use on the Web) by applying identifying tags or contextual labels to the data in Web documents

XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

a programming language used to develop mobile apps, web apps and much more an object-oriented programming language created by Sun Microsystems

Java

It is a developer platform with tools and libraries for building any type of app collection of programming support

.Net

a software system that supports interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network software components that are based on a framework of Web and object-oriented standards and technologies for using the Web that electronically link the applications of different users and different computing platforms

Web Services

Computer comes from latin word _______ that means _______

- Computare - To compute, to recall

The word "calculate" is derive from _______, the latin word for _______

- calculus - small stone, pebbles, beads

First computing tool

Abacus

gigaflops means?

billions of floating-point operations per second

teraflops means?

trillions of floating-point operations per seconds

The use of symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and distributed shared memory (DSM) designs for smaller numbers of interconnected microprocessors has spawned a breed of ________ with prices that start in the hundreds of thousands of dollars

Minisupercomputers

Enter data and instructions into the CPU

Input Devices

Enumeration: Kinds of Input devices

- Keyboard - Mouse - Touch screen - Optical Scanner - Voice Recognition

2 parts of CPU (Central Processing Unit)

- Control Unit - Arithmetic-Logic Unit

Interprets instructions and data processing

Control Unit

performs arithmetic operations and makes comparisons

Arithmetic-Logic

stores data and program instructions during processing

Primary Storage (Memory)

stores data and programs for processing

Secondary Storage Devices

Enumeration: Kinds of Secondary Storage Devices

- Magnetic Disks - Tape Units - Optical Disks

communicate and records information

Output Devices

Enumeration: Kinds of Output Devices

- Visual Display Unit - Printer - Audio-Response - Physical Control Devices

They convert data into electronic form for direct entry or through a telecommunications network into a computer system

Input

The CPU is the main ___________ component of a computer system

Processing

They converted electronic information produced by the computer system into human-intelligible form for presentation to end users

Output

Computer processors may also include storage circuitry called _______ for high-speed, temporary storage of instructions and data elements

Cache Memory

Its registers and other circuits interpret software instructions and transmit directions that control the activities of other components of the computer systems

Control

The primary storage (main memory) of the computer consists of microelectronic ____________ chips

Semiconductor memory

Disadvantages of Semiconductor Memory

- volatility

Major advantages of Semiconductor Memory

- small size - great speed - shock and temperature resistance

Types of Semiconductor Memory

- RAM (random-access memory) - ROM (read-only memory)

These memory chips are most widely used primary storage medium

RAM (random-access memory)

Each memory position can be both sensed (read) and changed (written), so it is called read/write memory. This is a volatile memory

RAM (random-access memory)

nonvolatile RAM chips are used for permanent storage

ROM (read-only memory)

___ can be read but not erased or overwritten

ROM (read-only memory)

permanently burned into the storage cells during manufacture

firmware

PROM means?

programmable read-only memory

EPROM means?

erasable programmable read-only memory

uses small chips containing thousands of transistors that can be programmed to store data for virtually unlimited periods without power

Flash Memory

other term for flashdrive?

Jump drive

A _______ costs a lot less than the total cost of buying its individual packages of prgrams

Software suite

It can also share common tools such as spell checker and help wizards to increase efficiency

Software suite

Their programs are designed to work seamlessly and import each other's files easily, no matter which program you are using at the time

Software suite

_____ is stored on networked mail servers until you are ready.

E-mail

It is an e-mail/computer conferencing hybrid technology that has grown so rapidly that it has become a standard method of electronic messaging.

Instant Messaging (IM)

A _________ is a website of personal or noncommercial origin that uses a dated log format updated daily or very frequently with new information about a particular subject or range of subjects

Weblog

They are the companies that own, operate, and maintain application software and the computer system resources (servers, system software, networks, and IT personnel) required to offer the use of the application software for a fee as a service over the Internet.

Application service providers (ASPs)

It is a style of computing in which software, and some cases, virtualized hardware resources are provided as a service over the Internet

CLOUD COMPUTING

Composed of programs that manage and support a computer system and its information processing activities

System Software

programs that manage the hardware, software, networks, and data resources of computer systems during the execution of the various information processing jobs of users

System Management Programs

programs that helps users develop information system programs and procedures and prepare user programs for computer processing

System Development Programs

integrated system of programs that manages the operations of the CPU, controls the input/output and storage resources and activities of the computer systems, and provides various supports services as the computer executes the application programs of users

Operating System

Enumeration: Operating System Functions

- User interface - Resource Management - Task Management - File Management - Utilities and support services

part of OS that allows you to communicate with it so you can load programs, access files, and accomplish other tasks

User Interface

Enumeration: Types of User Interface

- command-driven - menu-driven - graphical user interface

An operating system uses a variety of ________ programs to manage the hardware and networking resources of a computer system, including its CPU, memory, secondary storage devices, telecommunications processors, and input/output peripherals managing the use of hardware resources

Resource Management

An operating system contains _______ programs that control the creation, deletion, and access of files of data and programs, may also involves keeping track of physical location of files on magnetic disks and other secondary storage devices managing data and program files

File Management

The _______ programs of an OS help accomplish the computing tasks of end users. managing the accomplishment of tasks

Task Management

providing a variety of support services

Utilities and Support Services

is a task management approach that allows several computing tasks to be performed in a seemingly simultaneous fashion

Multitasking

types of multitasking that the task management functions parcel out CPU time slices to each program

Preemptive multitasking

types of multitasking that allows each program to control the CPU for as long as it needs

Cooperative multitasking

for smaller server applications, including file and print sharing, Internet and intranet connectivity, and centralized desktop application deployment

Windows Server 2008, Standard Edition

for larger business applications, XML Web services, enterprise collaboration, and enterprise network support

Windows Server 2008, Enterprise Edition

for business-critical and mission-critical applications demanding the highest level of scalability and availability

Windows Server 2008, Datacenter Edition

for Web serving and hosting, providing a platform for developing and deploying Web services and applications

Windows Server 2008, Web Edition

the "yellow pages" directory of all Web services and how to locate and use them

UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration)

XML-based protocol of specifications for connecting applications to the data that they need

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)

2 types of Software

- Application Software - System Software

directs the performance of a particular use, or application, of computers to meet the information processing needs of users General-purpose application programs performs common information processing jobs for end users Application-specific programs specifies accomplish information processing tasks that support specific business functions/processes, scientific/engineering applications, and computer applications in society

Application Software

controls and supports the operations of a computer system as it performs various information processing tasks manages and supports operations of computer systems and networks

System Software

major category of system software they require the use of variety of programming packages to help programmers develop computer programs and language translator programs to convert programming language instructions into machine language instruction codes

Programming Langauges

general term for various kind of programs used to operate and manipulate computers and their peripherals

Software

term used to identify software applications that are developed within the organization that writes the program code is also the organization that uses the final software application

Custom software

is developed with the intention of selling the software in multiple copies

COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) software

The physical parts of computing devices – those that you can actually touch

Hardware

encompasses the range of electronic tools, systems, devices and resources used to generate, store or process data

Digital Technologies

processes electronic signals into discrete values, of which there can be two or more

Digital Devices

Many electronic devices process signals into two discrete values, typically known as _________ values are represented as either a one (“on”) or a zero (“off”)

Binary

a blending of the two words “binary” and “digit”

Bit

known as a group of eight bits

Byte

number of bits that can be processed by a computer’s processor at one time

Word Size

The speed (“clock time”) of a CPU is measured in __________

hertz

one of the founders of Intel

Gordon Moore

The number of integrated circuits on a chip doubles every two years. Has been generalized into the concept that computing power will double every two years for the same price point

Moore’s Law

A Taiwanese-American billionaire businessman and electrical engineer. Serves as president and CEO of the Nvidia Corporation, which he co-founded in 1993.

Jen-Hsun "Jensen" Huang

done by adding an expansion card to the computer that enabled the network connection

Network Interface Cards (NIC)

exchanges data over short distances of 10 meters up to 100 meters using radio waves.

Bluetooth

system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs).

Integrated Computing

the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

Internet of Things (IoT)