Chapter 3: Digestive system

Question 1

Cell

Answer 1

the smallest functional unit of living organisms

Question 2

Tissue

Answer 2

a collection of cells that have a similar origin

Question 3

Organs

Answer 3

assembly of different tissue types

Question 4

Organ systems

Answer 4

groups of organs that work together to carry out one or more functions

Question 5

Types of tissues

Answer 5

nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective

Question 6

function The Digestive System

Answer 6

The primary function of the digestive system is to digest, or break down, the nutrients in our foods into compounds that are small enough to be taken up (absorbed and utilized) into the body.
Carbohydrate - single sugar molecules.
Proteins - amino acids.
Fats - fatty acids and glycerol.
Vitamins and minerals are released

Question 7

Four stages of digestive process

Answer 7

ingestion-digestion-absorption-excretion

The gastrointestinal tract extends from the mouth to the anus. Food is - ingested - into the body Food is - digested - and broken into smaller units in the GI tract. It is then - absorbed -. Nutrients pass into the bloodstream or lymphatic system to transport throughout the body. Anything not absorbed is - excreted - through the anus (the opening at the other end).

Question 8

what are the gastrointestinal tract organs

Answer 8

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.

Question 9

t/f: Small intestine is responsible for absorbing of most nutrients nutrients

Answer 9

TRUEEEEEEEEE

Question 10

what are accessories organs function

Answer 10

They function to secrete fluids containing a variety of agents, such as enzymes and acids, that aid in digestion.process

Question 11

what are the accessories organs

Answer 11

Accessory organs are not a part of the continuous tube that makes up the GI tract.

Salivary glands: Moisten, secrete enzymes
Liver: Produces bile
Gallbladder: Stores bile
Pancreas: Produces enzymes and bicarbonate (insulin hormone)

Question 12

Mechanical and Chemical Digestion

Answer 12

Mechanical Digestion - Physical breakdown of food
Begins in the mouth and extends to stomach
Chemical Digestion - Breaks chemical bonds to cleave large molecules into smaller ones
Involves enzymes and other substances

Question 13

Motility is a term used to describe the contractions of the GI tract’s smooth muscles that mix food with digestive fluids and propel food along the length of the tract. There are two patterns of these contractions:

Answer 13

peristalsis and segmentation

Question 14

Peristalsis

Answer 14

Propulsive contractions move food forward from esophagus to anus (smooth muscle-supports it) (stomach)

Question 15

segmentation

Answer 15

Uncoordinated contractions that mix intestinal content with digestive fluids
Brings nutrients in contact with absorptive surface
(side to side)

Question 16

enzymes

Answer 16

Enzymes are protein molecules that catalyze the rate at which a chemical reaction produces new compounds with altered chemical structures.

Question 17

mouth (salivary glands)

Answer 17

Saliva
Amylase (carbs)
Lipase

Question 18

stomach (gastric juices)

Answer 18

Acid (HCL)
Proteases
Lipase

Question 19

liver

Answer 19

Produces bile

Question 20

gallbladder

Answer 20

Stores bile until released

Question 21

small instestine

Answer 21

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 22

pancreas (juices)

Answer 22

Bicarbonate
Amylase (carbs)
Proteases (protein)
Lipases (lipids)

Question 23

ulcer

Answer 23

acids eats the stomach wall

Question 24

function of BICARBONATE

Answer 24

NEUTRAZILIZE HCL, Produced in the pancreas realizes to stomach

Question 25

Strongest muscles in the GI track

Answer 25

smooth muscle

Question 26

anatomy of small intestine (3 regions)

Answer 26

Coiled hollow tube ~20 feet long and 1.5 inches wide Three regions Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

Question 27

what are the function of structure of small intestines

Answer 27

the brush border (villi, microvilli) increase surface area for absorption

Question 28

what is the primary site for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients.

Answer 28

The small intestine

Question 29

Transport Mechanisms in Nutrient Absorption

Answer 29

Passive transport-higher to lower (simple and facilitate diffusion) active transport - lower to high (with energy)

Question 30

WHERE TO TAKE THE NUTRIENTS

Answer 30

circulatory system

Question 31

2 SYSTEM THAT NUTRIENTS ARE DELIVERED TO

Answer 31

- Circulatory system Blood vessels Carbohydrates, amino acids, minerals, water-soluble vitamins - Lymphatic system Most fats and some vitamins

Question 32

What's the role of large intestines

Answer 32

The primary role of role of the large intestine is to form and store feces. Any undigested nutrients that remain in the chyme are passed into the large intestine. As a result, little digestion and absorption occur in the large intestine. (There are no villi.)

Question 33

what is the large intestine consist of

Answer 33

The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, and rectum.

Question 34

What nutrients gets absorbed by large intestines? What do bacteria eat?

Answer 34

electrolytes, some fatty acids, water, and vitamins (K, biotin, and folate). There are hundreds of types of bacteria in the colon that eat undigested material, such as fiber and starch.

Question 35

health benefits of probiotics

Answer 35

Help restore or maintain a healthy balance of “friendly” bacteria in the GI tract

Question 36

health benefits of prebiotics

Answer 36

Undigested carbohydrates healthy bacteria use to boost their growth

Question 37

what are prebiotics

Answer 37

They are compounds that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in our gut. Probiotic bacteria may have many possible health benefits.

Question 38

Name at least 5 digestive disorders

Answer 38

Acid Reflux, GERD Gallstones Vomiting Diarrhea Constipation Hemorrhoids Diverticular disease Gastritis, Ulcers

Question 39

differentiate irritable boewl syndrome from inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 39

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Group of symptoms including abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and other discomforts Does not lead to serious disease Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Chronic conditions caused by an abnormal response by the immune system, causing inflammation of GI tract Ulcerative colitis Crohn’s disease

Question 40

Define Celiac Disease (gluten intolerence)

Answer 40

Autoimmune disease that causes an abnormal reaction to the protein gluten in wheat, which causes damage to the villi in the small intestine. This damage to the villi/microvilli causes them to flatten out and interrupts digestion and absorption, causing malabsorption. Over time, this damage increases the risk of certain cancers and mortality.

Question 41

What is lumen lined by and what they do

Answer 41

The lumen, or inner space of the GI tract, is lined by mucosal cells that allow our body to absorb nutrients so they can be transported by the blood and lymph to where they are needed.

Question 42

define hormones

Answer 42

chemical messengers that participate in the control and regulation of body processes.

Question 43

What is the semiliquid that foods get breakdown into

Answer 43

chyme

Question 44

exclusive fuel

Answer 44

glucose

Question 45

3 regions of Small intestine

Answer 45

Ileum,duodenum, jejenum

Question 46

Vitamin absorption happens in

Answer 46

large intestines