Chapter 7: Fat-soluble vitamins

Question 1

biofortified

Answer 1

adding a nutrient to a food product

Question 2

deficiency in vitamin A

Answer 2

Could reduce blindness and mortality of children

Question 3

organic compounds

Answer 3

Contain both carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds

Question 4

T or F: vitamins is a source of energy

Answer 4

False

Question 5

T or F: vitamins can be used to extract energy from macronutrients, i.e. be used to energy production

Answer 5

True

Question 6

bioavailability

Answer 6

Degree to which nutrients can be absorbed and used by the body

Question 7

Ability to disperse or dissolve in water or lipids
/classification

Answer 7

Fat-soluble
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Water-soluble
B vitamins, choline, and vitamin C

Question 8

functions of fat soluble vitamins

Answer 8

Vitamin A: Vision and cell differentiation
Vitamin D: bone growth and maintenance
Vitamin E: Antioxidant (protect against cellular damage-neutralize molecule Free radicals)
Vitamin K: blood clotting

Question 9

vitamin toxicity is experienced more in what type of vitamin

Answer 9

fat soluble vitamin because it can be stored

Question 10

2 group of compounds of vitamin A

Answer 10

retinoids and carotenoids

Question 11

in retinoids we have

Answer 11

Retinal (eyes)
Retinol
retinoic acid

Question 12

Only ———- present in significant amounts in our diet

Answer 12

retinol

Question 13

preformed vitamin A

Answer 13

retinol in an active form in foods

Question 14

provitamin

Answer 14

for example, beta-carotene, primary carotenoid in diet, has vitamin activity after conversion to active form in the body

Question 15

where is retinol stored

Answer 15

liver

Question 16

what’s the source of vitamin A in plant foods

Answer 16

provitamin A carotenoids

Question 17

how the conversion of retinoid proceed

Answer 17

retinol and retinal can be converted to each other
and retinal could irreversibly produce retinoic acid

Question 18

bioavailability of vitamin A

Answer 18

Preformed vitamin A (retinol)
In animal foods and fortified foods
Provitamin A carotenoids
Yellow-, orange-, and red-pigmented fruits and vegetables

Question 19

what could improve bioavailability of carotenoids

Answer 19

Slicing, chopping, juicing, and cooking

Question 20

what’s bioavailability

Answer 20

the ability of of our body the absorbed nutrients from a food

Question 21

Functions of Vitamin A

Answer 21

Vision
Functions as hormone in: Cell development, Immune function, Growth, Bone health, Reproduction

Question 22

rhodopsin is a pigment composed of

Answer 22

protein opsin and retinal

Question 23

why is vitamin A (retinal) important for light detection

Answer 23

opsin and cis-retinal are important component for the formation of rhodopsin which allows to process light sources supporting normal vision

Question 24

what are free radicals

Answer 24

Free radicals are reactive molecules with unpaired electrons that try to pair up with other molecules, atoms, or electrons.
At high levels, they damage cells, including DNA, through a process called oxidation

Question 25

vitamin is an Antioxidant: T or F

Answer 25

TRUE

Question 26

how a free radical "damage" a molecule

Answer 26

steals an electron from it to stabilize itself

Question 27

the role of vitamin A as an antioxidant...

Answer 27

provide an electron to a free radical without destabilizing itself

Question 28

how can we beat free radicals

Answer 28

eating a plant-rich diet that contains beta-carotene and other antioxidants may reduce the risk of those diseases.

Question 29

disease of vitamin A deficiency

Answer 29

compromised vision and Impaired immunity,

Question 30

disease of vitamin A toxicity

Answer 30

Hypervitaminosis A Usually results from excess supplementation Weaknesses or defects in bones Can lead to osteoporosis or fractures Can cause birth defects Beta-carotene only makes skin yellow or orange

Question 31

UL for adults

Answer 31

3000 mcg RAE

Question 32

what is vitamin D known as

Answer 32

“Sunshine vitamin”

Question 33

how can body produce vitamin D

Answer 33

With UV light exposure, can be produced from cholesterol in the skin

Question 34

where should Vitamin D should be activated to fulfill is biological functions in the body

Answer 34

the kidneys and liver

Question 35

Functions of Vitamin D

Answer 35

!!Helps bone growth and maintenance Regulates calcium metabolism (calcium homeostasis)!! Blood levels, absorption, excretion Regulates protein synthesis Possibly regulates cardiovascular function

Question 36

the formal term for active form of vitamin D is

Answer 36

calcitriol

Question 37

what are the three mechanisms that calcitriol use to maintain calcium homeostasis

Answer 37

1. calcitriol signals the kidney to take calcium from the urine or make it available for circulation 2. calcitriol could increase calcium release from bone to circulatory space 3. calcitriol increases absorption of calcium from the intestines

Question 38

groups at risk for Vitamin D deficiency

Answer 38

Those who avoid vitamin-D fortified dairy foods People with dark skin Little sun exposure or use sunscreen (blocks UV rays and prevents vitamin D synthesis) Exclusively breast-fed infants (not a rich source of vitamin D) Elderly Reduced ability to synthesize vitamin D Reduced sun exposure

Question 39

vitamin D deficiency

Answer 39

May increase risk of: Rickets (in children) Osteomalacia (in adults)

Question 40

Vitamin D Toxicity

Answer 40

Hypervitaminosis D Likely result of excess supplementation Symptoms may include: Loss of appetite Weight loss Irregular heartbeat Frequent urination Increased calcium levels in the blood

Question 41

Functions of Vitamin E (tocopherols)

Answer 41

Antioxidant protecting against oxidative damage; it is Incorporated into cell membranes In LDLs that would otherwise increase plaque forming potential In white blood cells, thus maintaining healthy immune function)

Question 42

how vitamin E aid in phospholipid bilayer

Answer 42

imbedded in phospholipid bilayer, it neutralizes free radicals and breaks the chain of oxidative damage

Question 43

T or F: vitamin E is the most toxic out of the fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 43

FALSE

Question 44

Functions of Vitamin K

Answer 44

Needed for synthesis of proteins for blood clotting (Deficiency can cause uncontrolled bleeding) Bone metabolism (Modifies bone proteins)

Question 45

Vitamin K Deficiency and Toxicity

Answer 45

Deficiency can cause hemorrhaging No evidence of toxicity at any level

Question 46

preformed

Answer 46

already active

Question 47

the majority of intake for vitamin D is

Answer 47

via dietary intake

Question 48

out of every vitamin with could have a risk of causing toxicity and which is less probable of causing toxicity

Answer 48

vitamin A vitamin K