Chapter 3-Energy Transformation and Metabolism

Question 0

Movement of ATP from one compound to another so that it can be used.

Answer 0

Energy transfer

Question 1

Principles that govern energy exchange, including heat exchange and the performance of work.

Answer 1

Laws of thermodynamics

Question 2

Liver cell

Answer 2

Hepatocyte

Question 3

Muscle cell

Answer 3

Myocyte

Question 4

Fat cell

Answer 4

Adipocyte

Question 5

Composed of ATP and phosphocreatine, this system replenishes oxygen rapidly without the use of oxygen.

Answer 5

ATP/PCr system

Question 6

Isoenzyme found in muscle and brain tissue that catalyzes the formation of ATP; higher after tissue injury.

Answer 6

Creatine Kinase

Question 7

Nitrogenous substance, derived from arginine, glycine and methionine, found in muscle tissue.

Answer 7

Creatine

Question 8

Compound of creatine (Cr) and phosphoric acid (P) found in muscle.

Answer 8

Phosphocreatine (PCR)

Question 9

Process of breaking down glucose for energy; can be fast or slow

Answer 9

Glycolytic system

Question 10

Salt of pyruvic acid; the end product of glycolysis

Answer 10

Pyruvate

Question 11

Reduced form of NAD; used to transfer electrons

Answer 11

NADH

Question 12

The cation of acids; consists of a hydrogen atom whose electron has been transferred t the anion of the acid.

Answer 12

Hydrogen ion

Question 13

Co-enzyme of dehydrogenases; plays a role in intermediary metabolism as an oxidizing agent or reducing agent for metabolites.

Answer 13

NAD+

Question 14

An organic byproduct of anaerobic metabolism derived from pyruvic acid; can be used as an energy source for cells.

Answer 14

Lactic acid

Question 15

The phosphorylation of ATP coupled to the electron transport system

Answer 15

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 16

An acidic environment created when the pH level of muscle cells falls below 7

Answer 16

Muscle acidity

Question 17

A major metabolic pathway that involves a series of enzymatic reactions that convert pyruvic acid from food to acetyl-CoA for energy

Answer 17

Krebs cycle

Question 18

Set of compounds that transfers electrons to a donor that creates energy

Answer 18

Electron transport chain

Question 19

Co-enzyme that plays a role in intermediary metabolism; can enter the Krebs cycle to produce energy and be used for fatty acids synthesis.

Answer 19

Acetyl-CoA

Question 20

Breakdown of fatty acids that takes place in the mitochondria and peroxisomes

Answer 20

Beta oxidation

Question 21

Riboflavin-derived hydrogen acceptor in the Krebs cycle

Answer 21

FAD+

Question 22

The reduced form of FAD+

Answer 22

FADH2

Question 23

Protein found in mitochondria (inner membrane) that transports electrons

Answer 23

Cytochrome

Question 24

PArticle with a positive charge, usually regraded as a hydrogen ion; when the proton gradient shifts int eh electron transport chain, energy conversion occurs.

Answer 24

Proton

Question 25

Synthesis of glycogen

Answer 25

Glycogenesis

Question 26

Phosphorylated form of glucose that won't diffuse out of a cell

Answer 26

Glucose 6-Phosphate

Question 27

Enzyme necessary for the conversion of excess glucose into stored glycogen.

Answer 27

Glycogen synthase

Question 28

Hormone and neurotransmitter; also know as adrenaline

Answer 28

Epinephrine

Question 29

Hormone and neurotransmitter; also known as noradrenaline

Answer 29

Norepinephrine

Question 30

Enzyme necessary for glycogenolysis; breaks glycogen into glucose units

Answer 30

Glycogen phosphorylase

Question 31

Breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose

Answer 31

Glycogenolysis

Question 32

Hormone secreted by the pancreas to increase blood glucose levels.

Answer 32

Glucagon

Question 33

Endocrine cells of the pancreas that secrete glucagon

Answer 33

a-cells

Question 34

Central part of the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine, Norepinephrine and dopamine

Answer 34

Adrenal medulla

Question 35

Series of reactions in the cytosol that converts glucose into pyruvic acid and ultimately ATP

Answer 35

Glycolysis

Question 36

The point at which lactic acid begins to accumulate in the bloodstream

Answer 36

Anaerobic threshold

Question 37

Intermediate that couples with acetyl-CoA to form citrate

Answer 37

Oxaloacetate

Question 38

A higher capacity to oxidize fat

Answer 38

Fat adaptation

Question 39

Liquid component of blood that suspends blood cells; contains water, glucose, proteins ad hormones

Answer 39

Plasma

Question 40

Conversion of non-carbohydrate compounds (i.e., amino acids, pyruvate, glycerol) to glucose.

Answer 40

Gluconeogenesis

Question 41

Use of lactate produced in the muscles by the liver for the production of glucose.

Answer 41

Cori cycle

Question 42

fat tissue

Answer 42

Adipose tissue

Question 43

Breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

Answer 43

Lipolysis

Question 44

Enzyme of the cytosol that frees fatty acids and glycerol

Answer 44

Hormone sensitive lipase

Question 45

Using lipids as a fuel source

Answer 45

Lipid mobilization

Question 46

Anabolic hormone that causes growth and cel reproduction; also known as somatotropin

Answer 46

Growth hormone

Question 47

With oxygen present

Answer 47

Aerobic

Question 48

Without oxygen present

Answer 48

Anaerobic

Question 49

A glycerol with one fatty acid chain

Answer 49

Monoglyceride

Question 50

A glycerol with two fatty acid chains

Answer 50

Diglyceride

Question 51

System of enzymes involved int eh synthesis of fatty acids

Answer 51

Fatty acid synthase system

Question 52

Addition of carbons on a fatty acid chain

Answer 52

Elongation

Question 53

A fatty acid with no double bonds in the chain

Answer 53

Saturated fatty acid

Question 54

Removal of hydrogen atoms to form a double bond

Answer 54

Desaturation

Question 55

A single double bond in the fatty acid chain

Answer 55

Monounsaturated fatty acid

Question 56

Particles used in lipid transport; assembled in the liver by cholesterol ad apolipoproteins, converted to LDL.

Answer 56

Very low density lipoprotein particles (VLDL)

Question 57

Enzyme involved with the synthesis of fat

Answer 57

Lipogenic enzyme

Question 58

Unsaturated omega-3 fatty acid

Answer 58

Alpha linolenic acid (ALA)

Question 59

Family of unsaturated fatty acids characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond three spaces in from the methyl end

Answer 59

Omega-3

Question 60

Unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid considered essential to the human diet

Answer 60

Linoleic acid

Question 61

Family of unsaturated fatty acids characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond six spaces in from the methyl end

Answer 61

Omega-6

Question 62

A fatty acid with multiple double bonds in the chain

Answer 62

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Question 63

A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and triglyceride from the small intestines to tissues of the body

Answer 63

Chylomicron

Question 64

A class of proteins with hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol surrounded by hydrophilic phospholipids, apolipoproteins and cholesterol

Answer 64

Lipoprotein

Question 65

Lipid/sterol contained in the body's cells and fluids that acts as a precursor to hormones and bodily structures

Answer 65

Cholesterol

Question 66

Pharmaceutical agents that decrease cholesterol production within the body via down regulation of HMG-CoA redutase

Answer 66

Statin drugs

Question 67

Lipid binding protein that is part of a lipoprotein

Answer 67

Apolipoprotein

Question 68

A lipoprotein that transports triglyceride and cholesterol from the liver to body tissues

Answer 68

LDL cholesterol

Question 69

A lipoprotein that transports fatty acids and cholesterol from the body tissues to the liver

Answer 69

HDL cholesterol

Question 70

An enzyme that is used to convert cholesterol to a transportable form for lipoproteins

Answer 70

Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)

Question 71

Development of plaque in the lumen (interior space) of blood vessels

Answer 71

Atherosclerosis