Chapter 2

Question 0

The flow of blood throughout the entire body

Answer 0

General circulation

Question 1

Disposed to being dissolved

Answer 1

Soluble

Question 2

Fatty acid containing one double or triple bond between carbons

Answer 2

Monounsaturated fat

Question 3

Compound with three molecules of fatty acids bound with one molecule of glycerol; the storage form of fat in humans

Answer 3

Triglyceride

Question 4

The long tube through the body composed of stomach and intestines

Answer 4

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Question 5

Amount of energy required to raise the temp of one kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius; equal to 4184 Joules

Answer 5

Calorie

Question 6

Relating to or containing carbon compounds

Answer 6

Organic molecules

Question 7

Nucleotide produced in living cells; made up of adenosine and two phosphate groups, reversibly renewed to ATP for energy transfer

Answer 7

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Question 8

To grind, crush, and chew food

Answer 8

Mastication

Question 9

A formed mass of soft, partially chewed food

Answer 9

Bolus

Question 10

Fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, ultimately secreted into the small intestine to alkalinize and emulsify foodstuffs.

Answer 10

Bile

Question 11

Absorptive cell of the intestine

Answer 11

Enterocyte

Question 12

Small projections covering the surface of the mucous membrane lining the small intestine, through which nutrients and fluids are absorbed.

Answer 12

Villi

Question 13

Of pancreatic and salivary origin; this enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis (splitting) of starch into smaller compounds

Answer 13

Amylase

Question 14

Catalyzes the splitting of fats into glycerol and fatty acids

Answer 14

Lipase

Question 15

Throat

Answer 15

Pharynx

Question 16

Lid-like cartilaginous structure suspended over the entrance of the larynx; swallowing closes the opening to the trachea by placing the larynx against this.

Answer 16

Epiglottis

Question 17

Also known as the cardiac sphincter, a thick, muscular ring surrounding the opening btw the esophagus and stomach

Answer 17

Lower esophageal sphincter

Question 18

Condition in which acidic stomach contents flow back up into the esophagus

Answer 18

Gastroesophageal reflux

Question 19

Waves of involuntary muscle contraction moving the contents of the GI tract forward

Answer 19

Peristalsis

Question 20

Partly digested food formed as a semi-fluid mass

Answer 20

Chyme

Question 21

Thick, muscular ring of mucous membrane surrounding the opening between the stomach and the duodenum

Answer 21

Pyloric sphincter

Question 22

Protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

Answer 22

Hiatal hernia

Question 23

Solution of hydrogen chloride in water; found in gastric juice

Answer 23

Hydrochloric acid

Question 24

Measure of acidity and alkalinity; lower numbers are more acidic, higher numbers are more alkaline; 7 is neutral

Answer 24

pH

Question 25

Two folds of mucous membrane that form a valve btw the large intestine(cecum) and the small intestine (ileum)

Answer 25

ILeocecal valve

Question 26

LArge gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon

Answer 26

Pancreas

Question 27

Organic salt (HCO3) that can neutralize acids

Answer 27

Bicarbonate

Question 28

Enzyme that hydrolyzes (breaks down) protein or peptides

Answer 28

Proteolytic enzyme

Question 29

Muscular sac where bile is stored

Answer 29

Gallbladder

Question 30

To disperse, convert and suspend one liquid as droplets into another

Answer 30

Emulsification

Question 31

Circulation of substances such as bile salts btw the intestine and the liver

Answer 31

Enterohepatic circulation

Question 32

Waste discharged from the body through the anus

Answer 32

Feces

Question 33

Fatty acid with fewer than eight carbons that is taken up directly through the portal vein, and produced while fiber is fermenting in the colon

Answer 33

Short chain fatty acid

Question 34

Cancer-causing substance

Answer 34

Carcinogens

Question 35

Compound that is not digested but rather fermented by microflora and stimulates growth of healthy bacteria in the GI tract

Answer 35

Prebiotic

Question 36

Live microorganisms that help to restore beneficial bacteria in the GI tract

Answer 36

Probiotics

Question 37

Veins that carry blood from the capillaries of the stomach, intestine, pancreas, and spleen to the liver.

Answer 37

Hepatic portal system

Question 38

Secretion, such as saliva or bile, released outside its source by a duct

Answer 38

Exocrine

Question 39

Secretion, such as a hormone, distributed in the body by the bloodstream

Answer 39

Endocrine

Question 40

Hormone that balances blood glucose levels, such as glucagon or insulin

Answer 40

Glucoregulatory hormone

Question 41

Substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse

Answer 41

Neurotransmitter

Question 42

The brain in the gut. A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that controls the gastrointestinal organs

Answer 42

Enteric nervous system

Question 43

Junction of an efferent nerve fiber and the muscle fiber cell membrane

Answer 43

Neuromuscular junction

Question 44

Part of the autonomic nervous system that controls secretion and the tone of smooth muscle, along with cardiac muscle activity

Answer 44

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 45

Widening of blood vessels

Answer 45

Vasodilation

Question 46

Microscopic hair structures that increase the surface area of cells; many are found in the GI tract

Answer 46

Microvilli

Question 47

All of the villi that form a brush-like border inside the intestine

Answer 47

Intestinal brush border

Question 48

Spontaneous movement of particle from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Answer 48

Simple diffusion

Question 49

Transport that requires a carrier molecule; occurs when diffusion of a substance on its own is not possible

Answer 49

Facilitated diffusion

Question 50

Movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration; requires energy and enzymes

Answer 50

Active transport

Question 51

Difference in the concentration of solutes in a solution between two areas

Answer 51

Concentration gradient

Question 52

Found on the wall of the duodenum or stomach, this ulcer results when gastric juices and H. pylori combine

Answer 52

Peptic ulcer

Question 53

Vomiting

Answer 53

Emesis

Question 54

Inflammation-based disorder of the intestinal tract, such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis

Answer 54

Inflammatory bowel disease

Question 55

Adverse reaction induced by food

Answer 55

Food intolerance

Question 56

Chief source of stored glucose in selected tissues

Answer 56

Glycogen

Question 57

Liver cell

Answer 57

Hepatocyte

Question 58

Removal of an amine group from a compound

Answer 58

Deamination

Question 59

A class of proteins with hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol surrounded by hydrophilic phospholipids , apolipoproteins and cholesterol

Answer 59

Lipoprotein

Question 60

When a substance is swallowed and absorbed, it first travels through the hepatic portal system for metabolism by the liver; this "first pass" can reduce the availability of the substance to the bdy

Answer 60

First pass metabolism

Question 61

When blood travels from the heart to the arteries and capillaries, exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide and returning via the veins to the heart for pulmonary circulation

Answer 61

Systemic circulation

Question 62

The transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to an alpha-keto acid

Answer 62

Transamination

Question 63

Co-enzyme that plays a role in intermediary metabolism; can enter the Krebs cycle to produce energy and be used for fatty acid synthesis

Answer 63

Acetyl-CoA

Question 64

Either acetoacetic acid, acetone or beta-hydroxybutyric acid with a carbonyl group attached to two caron atoms

Answer 64

Ketone body

Question 65

Natural barrier formed by brain capillaries that prevents substances from leaving the blood and entering brain tissue

Answer 65

Blood-brain barrier