Chapter 3 F - special senses

Question 1

The general senses refer to both somatic senses and visceral senses:

• Somatic senses: include X sensations (touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and
  tickle), X sensations (warm and cold), X sensations, and X
  sensations. X sensations allow perception of both the static
  (nonmoving) positions of limbs and body parts (joint and muscle position sense)
  and movements of the limbs and head.

Answer 1

X tactile
X thermal
X pain
X proprioceptive
X proprioceptive

Question 2

The general senses refer to both somatic senses and visceral senses:

• Visceral senses: provide information about conditions X, for
  example, pressure, stretch, chemicals, nausea, hunger, and temperature.

Answer 2

within internal organs

Question 3

The special senses include the sensory
modalities of smell, X, vision, X, and
equilibrium or balance

Answer 3

taste
hearing

Question 4

Receptors for the special senses (smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium)
are anatomically similar to one another and are concentrated in specific
locations in the head.

true/false

Answer 4

false:

they are distinct

Question 5

Special senses receptors are usually embedded in the epithelial tissue within complex sensory organs
such as the eyes and ears.

True/false

Answer 5

true

Question 6

Neural pathways for the special senses are more complex than those for the
general senses.

true/false

Answer 6

true

Question 7

The receptors for the sense of smell or olfaction are located in the X
of the nose.

Answer 7

olfactory epithelium

Question 8

Olfactory receptor cells are the X neurons of the olfactory
pathway.

Answer 8

firstorder

Question 9

Olfactory receptor cells contain olfactory receptor
X that detect inhaled chemicals
(odorant molecules).

Answer 9

proteins

Question 10

Olfactory transduction:

olfactory
receptor cells respond to the chemical
stimulation of an odorant molecule by
producing a receptor X that triggers one or
more nerve impulses.

Answer 10

potential
(depolarization)

Question 11

Bundles of axons of olfactory receptor
cells form the right and left olfactory
(I) X

Answer 11

nerves

Question 12

Axons of olfactory receptor cells (first order neurons) converge onto X
neurons (mitral cells) forming the olfactory tract

Answer 12

second order

Question 13

Some of the axons of the olfactory tract project to the primary olfactory area in the
X (temporal lobe), where X of smell occurs.

• Others project to the limbic system. These neural connections account for our X
  responses to odors

Answer 13

cerebral cortex
conscious awareness
emotional

Question 14

Peculiarities of the olfactory pathway:

1. Unlike other sensory pathways, it consists of only one/two/three neuron(s).
2. Furthermore, olfactory sensations are the only ones that reach the olfactory cortex
   without first synapsing in the X..

Answer 14

two
thalamus

Question 15

The receptors for sensations of taste are located in the taste buds, which are located in
elevations on the tongue called papillae.

• Taste buds contain X that project microvilli (gustatory hairs) to
  the external surface.
• X synapse with dendrites of the X neurons that form the
  first part of the gustatory pathway.

Answer 15

gustatory receptor cells
Gustatory receptor cells
first-order

Question 16

Taste transduction occurs in gustatory receptor cells: chemicals from food (tastants)
stimulate gustatory receptor cells causing a X receptor potential that
stimulates exocytosis of synaptic vesicles from the gustatory receptor cell.

Answer 16

depolarizing

Question 17

• Neurotransmitter molecules liberated from
  gustatory receptor cells trigger graded
  potentials that may produce X
  in the X sensory neurons that
  synapse with gustatory receptor cells

Answer 17

nerve impulses
first-order

Question 18

The dendrites of each first-order neuron
branch profusely and contact one/a few/many
gustatory receptor cells in several taste
buds.

Answer 18

many

Question 19

From the taste buds, nerve impulses
propagate along X nerves (VII, IX and X)
to the gustatory nucleus in the medulla
oblongata (brainstem).

From the medulla, some axons carrying taste
signals project to the X system and the
hypothalamus and others project to the
X.

Answer 19

cranial
limbic (=zoogdierbrein)
thalamus

Question 20

Taste signals that project from the thalamus to
the X in the cerebral
cortex give rise to the conscious perception of
taste and discrimination of taste sensations.

Answer 20

primary gustatory area

Question 21

Photoreceptor cell (X and X) are located at the retina (inner tunic of the eyeball).

• Photoreceptor cells contain photopigments that undergo structural changes when
  absorbing light

Answer 21

rods and cones

Question 22

Phototransduction is the
process by which light energy
is converted into a X in the outer
segment of a photoreceptor.

Answer 22

receptor
potential

Question 23

Activation of a photoreceptor
by light causes a
depolarizing receptor
potential.

true/false

Answer 23

hyperpolarizing

Question 24

phototransduction: In this situation, the nerve
cells (ganglion cells) that form
the X (II) nerve are
stimulated.

Answer 24

optic

Question 25

The axons of the retinal ganglion cells form the optic (II) nerve which provide output from the retina to the brain true/false

Answer 25

true

Question 26

The arrival of action potentials in the primary visual area of the cerebral cortex allows you to perceive shades. true/false

Answer 26

false: allows you to perceive light

Question 27

The spiral organ or organ of X is a specialized sensory epithelium that allows for the transduction of X into neural signals. It is located within the cochlea.

Answer 27

Corti sound vibrations

Question 28

* The organ of Corti is a coiled sheet of epithelial cells that includes X cells:

Answer 28

hair

Question 29

The organ of Corti is a coiled sheet of epithelial cells that includes hair cells: 1. Inner hair cells are arranged in three rows/in a single row: convert the mechanical vibrations of sound (bending of the stereocilia) into electrical signals (generation of nerve impulse). 2. Outer hair cells are arranged in one row/three rows: increase the sensitivity of the inner hair cells.

Answer 29

Inner: one row Outer: three rows

Question 30

From cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve, auditory information is conveyed to the X, thalamus, and X in cerebral cortex.

Answer 30

brainstem primary auditory area

Question 31

Since many auditory axons decussate (cross over) at the pons while others remain on the same side, the right and left primary auditory areas receive nerve impulses from one ear/both ears.

Answer 31

both

Question 32

Body movements that stimulate the receptors for X include: 1. Linear acceleration or deceleration 2. Tilting the head forward or backward 3. Rotational (angular) acceleration or deceleration

Answer 32

equilibrium

Question 33

Collectively, the receptor organs for equilibrium are called the X

Answer 33

vestibular apparatus.

Question 34

Receptor organs of the vestibular apparatus include: * Utricle and saccule of the vestibule (otolithic organs): dynamic/static equilibrium * Semicircular ducts of the semicircular canals: dynamic/static equilibrium

Answer 34

1. static 2. dynamic

Question 35

Attached to the inner walls of both the utricle and the saccule is a small, thickened region called the macula. true/false

Answer 35

true

Question 36

The maculae consist of two types of cells: 1. cells: sensory receptors 2. X supporting cells: probably secrete the thick, gelatinous, glycoprotein layer (otolithic membrane), that rests on the hair cells

Answer 36

Hair cells Columnar

Question 37

A layer of dense calcium carbonate crystals, called X extends over the entire surface of the X membrane.

Answer 37

otoliths otolithic

Question 38

Because the otolithic membrane sits on top of the macula, if you tilt your head forward, the otolithic membrane (along with the otoliths) is pulled by gravity. * It slides “downhill” over the hair cells in the direction of the tilt, bending the hair bundles true/false

Answer 38

true

Question 39

Bending of the hair bundles in the utricle or saccule, but not in the semicircular canals, causes the release of a neurotransmitter which generates nerve impulses in the sensory neurons that innervate the hair cells true or false

Answer 39

false: also in the semicircular canals

Question 40

The hair cells synapse with X sensory neurons of the vestibular branch of the X (VIII) nerve.

Answer 40

first-order vestibulocochlear

Question 41

Crista in the ampulla of semicircular duct consists of a group of hair cells and supporting cells. * Covering the crista is a mass of gelatinous material called the X

Answer 41

cupula

Question 42

Bending of the hair bundles in the semicircular canals causes the release of a neurotransmitter which generates nerve impulses in the sensory neurons that innervate the hair cells.

Answer 42

gracias

Question 43

From hair cells of the semicircular ducts, utricle, and saccule, vestibular information is conveyed along the vestibular branch of the X (VIII) nerve and then to the brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus, and the vestibular area in cerebral cortex.

Answer 43

vestibulocochlear

Question 44

The vestibular area in cerebral cortex is part of the primary somatosensory area to provide us with the conscious awareness of the position and movements of the head and limbs. true/false

Answer 44

true