Chapter 6A

Question 1

Blood is a liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid
extracellular matrix.

• The extracellular matrix is called blood …., and it suspends various cells
  and cell fragments.
• Interstitial fluid is the fluid that bathes body cells and is constantly renewed
  by the blood

Answer 1

plasma

Question 2

Oxygen: blood -> interstitual fluid -> body cells
CO2 and other waste: other way around

Answer 2

ok

Question 3

Blood has three general functions:

1. transportation
2. regulation
3. protection

(explain)

Answer 3

1. O2 and CO2, nutrients, hormones..
2. blood helps maintain homeostasis (pH, body temp, osmotic pressure)
3. Clotting (prevent excess blood loss), white blood cells etc

Question 4

Whole blood has two components:

Blood plasma (=?)
and Formed elements (=?)

Answer 4

blood plasma: watery liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances
Formed elements (45%): cells and cell fragments.

Question 5

Of the formed elements: 99% is rbc, the rest is WBC and platelets

true/false

Answer 5

true

Question 6

The percentage of total blood volume occupied by …. is called the hematocrit

Answer 6

RBC’s

Question 7

The hematocrit is different for women vs men

true/false

Answer 7

true

Question 8

blood plasma: water + most of the solutes in blood plasma are …

Answer 8

protein

Question 9

Of the plasma proteins, we can distinguish three types:

1. Globulins
2. Albumins
   3, Fibrinogen

Put them in descending order of occurence in %

Answer 9

1. Albumins (54%)
2. Globulins (38%)
3. Fibrinogen (7%)

Question 10

What other solutes in plasma are there, besides proteins?

Answer 10

• electrolytes
• nutrients
• enzymes
• hormones
• gases
• urea
• uric acid
• creatinine
• ammonia
• bilirubin

Question 11

There are several types of WBC:

1. neutrophils
2. ….phils
3. eosinophils
4. monocytes
5. …..cytes

Answer 11

baso
lympho

Question 12

Lymphocytes are further devided into:
* …. lymphocytes (.. cells)
* …. lymphocytes (.. cells)
* Natural killer (…) cells

Answer 12

B
T
NK

Question 13

The process by which the blood plasma of blood develop is called
hematopoiesis.

true/false

Answer 13

false: formed
elements

Question 14

In adults, the …
becomes the primary site of
hemopoiesis

Answer 14

red bone marrow

Question 15

pluripotent stem cells are also called …..blasts

Answer 15

hemocytoblasts

Question 16

true/false:

Stem cells in red bone marrow reproduce themselves, proliferate, and differentiate

Answer 16

true

Question 17

In order to form blood cells, pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow produce
two further types of stem cells:

Myeloid stem cells
Lymphoid stem cells

what do they do?

Answer 17

myeloid: give rise to rbc, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, dendritic cells..

Lymphoid: give rise to lymphocytes + NK cells

Question 18

Basophiles: have IgE on their surface which, on binding to …, brings about
degranulation resulting in local inflammation, allergic reactions.

Answer 18

antigen

Question 19

Eosinophiles: control of parasitic infections, involved in ….response.

Answer 19

allergic

Question 20

Neutrophiles: phagocytic cell.

Answer 20

ok

Question 21

Monocytes: when move into the tissues, become m……

Answer 21

macrophages

Question 22

Dendritic cells: involved in …. presentation. Mostly located in peripheral
tissues exposed to the external environment (skin, lungs and intestine) and
in lymphoid tissues.

Answer 22

antigen

Question 23

erythrocytes: what type of cells do we mean?

Answer 23

RBC

Question 24

Plasma membrane is both strong and flexible: allows them
to deform without rupturing as they squeeze through
narrow blood capillaries.
* Glycolipids in the plasma membrane of RBCs are antigens
that account for the various blood groups such as the ABO
and Rh groups.

Answer 24

ok

Question 25

Pigment heme is bound to each of the four .... of hemoglobin

Answer 25

chains

Question 26

At the center of each heme ring is ... that can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecule, allowing each hemoglobin molecule to bind four oxygen molecules.

Answer 26

iron ion (Fe2+)

Question 27

RBC functions: 1. O2 transportation from lungs to tissues 2. CO2 transportation from tissues to lungs 3. Regulation of ... and blood pressure 4. Blood ... regulation (Hb ...)

Answer 27

blood flow pH, acts as a buffer

Question 28

Oxygen and hemoglobin bind in an easily reversible reaction to form ....

Answer 28

oxyhemoglobin

Question 29

The most important factor that determines how much O2 binds to hemoglobin is the ..... (PO2): the higher the PO2, the more O2 combines with Hb.

Answer 29

oxygen partial pressure

Question 30

The hemoglobin dissociation curve shows the relationship between .... and PO2

Answer 30

Hb saturation

Question 31

- Decreased acidity (decrease in H+ concentration = increase in pH) * Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide * Decreased temperature * Decreased erythrocyte concentration of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG): a substance found in red blood cells What do these factors do?

Answer 31

They increase the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 (The hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the left)

Question 32

carbaminohemoglobin = ?

Answer 32

Hemoglobin that transports CO2

Question 33

The gaseous hormone nitric oxide (NO), binds reversibly to hemoglobin (nitrosylhemoglobin). Under some circumstances (hypoxia), hemoglobin releases NO Released NO relaxes smooth muscle in the vessel wall causing ...

Answer 33

vasodilation. -> improves blood flow + enhances oxygen delivery

Question 34

pH of systemic arterial blood should be between .....

Answer 34

7.35 and 7.45

Question 35

Erythropoiesis is the production of RBCs. * It starts in the red bone marrow with proerythroblast, which is a....

Answer 35

a precursor cell

Question 36

Ultimately, a proerythroblast near the end of the development sequence becomes a reticulocyte when it..

Answer 36

ejects its nucleus

Question 37

Reticulocytes retain some mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. true/false

Answer 37

TRUE

Question 38

Reticulocytes pass from red bone marrow into the bloodstream by squeezing between plasma membranes of adjacent endothelial cells of skin tissue. true/false

Answer 38

blood capillaries, so false

Question 39

Red blood cells live only about 150 days true/false

Answer 39

false, 120 days

Question 40

If the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood falls because erythropoiesis is not keeping up with RBC destruction, a .... feedback system steps up RBC production.

Answer 40

negative

Question 41

The main stimulus for erythropoiesis is ... (oxygen deficiency at the tissue level).

Answer 41

hypoxia

Question 42

Whatever the cause, hypoxia stimulates the kidneys to step up the release of erythropoietin (...), which speeds the development of proerythroblasts into reticulocytes in the red bone marrow

Answer 42

EPO

Question 43

The surfaces of erythrocytes contain a genetically determined assortment of antigens composed of glycoX and glycoX.

Answer 43

proteins lipids

Question 44

What are agglutinogens?

Answer 44

antigens on surfaces of erythrocytes

Question 45

Two major blood groups: ABO and ....

Answer 45

Rh

Question 46

The ABO blood group is based on two glycolipid antigens called A and B. * People with only antigen A have type A blood * People with only antigen B have type B blood * People with both, antigen A and B, have type ... blood * People with neither antigen A nor B have type .... blood

Answer 46

AB O

Question 47

Blood plasma usually contains large IgM-type antibodies (agglutinins) that react with the A or B antigens if the two are mixed: * anti-A antibody, which reacts with antigen A * anti-B antibody, which reacts with antigen B.

Answer 47

ok

Question 48

In an incompatible blood transfusion, antibodies in the recipient’s plasma bind to the antigens on the donated RBCs, which causes agglutination (= ....) of the RBCs.

Answer 48

clumping

Question 49

see table 19.6 for summary of blood group interactions

Answer 49

k

Question 50

* If an Rh− person receives an Rh+ blood transfusion, however, the immune system starts to make anti-Rh antibodies that will remain in the blood. What happens if a person receives Rh+ blood the second time?

Answer 50

If a second transfusion of Rh+ blood is given later, the previously formed anti-Rh antibodies will cause agglutination and hemolysis of the RBCs in the donated blood, and a severe reaction may occur