Chapter 3C

Question 1

Most signals that stimulate muscles to
contract and glands to secrete originate in
the X

Answer 1

CNS

Question 2

Nervous tissue of the CNS is protected by 3 layers:

Answer 2

1. Bone
2. Meninges
3. Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 3

PNS consists of ALL nervous tissue outside the CNS.

True/false?

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A nerve is a bundle of …… to ….. of X plus associated X and X that lies outside the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 4

hundreds to thousands
x axons
connective
tissue and blood vessels

Question 5

X pairs of cranial nerves emerge from the brain and X pairs of spinal nerves
emerge from the spinal cord

Answer 5

X 12
X 31

Question 6

Components of the PNS include nerves and X

Answer 6

x sensory receptors

Question 7

The term sensory receptor refers to a structure of the nervous system that monitors
x

Answer 7

changes in the external or internal environment.

Question 8

Examples of sensory receptors include X in the skin, X in
the eye, and x in the nose.

Answer 8

touch receptors
photoreceptors
olfactory (smell) receptors

Question 9

The PNS is divided into X and X divisions

Answer 9

sensory
motor

Question 10

The sensory or afferent division of the PNS conveys input from/into the PNS/CNS from
….. in the body

Answer 10

into the
CNS
sensory receptors

Question 11

This division (Sensory) provides the CNS with sensory
information about the X senses
(tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive
sensations) and X senses (smell,
taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium).

Answer 11

somatic = tactile, thermal, pain,..

special = smell, taste, vision, hearing..

Question 12

The A or B division of the PNS conveys output from the CNS to effectors
(muscles and glands).

Answer 12

A motor
B efferent

Question 13

The motor or efferent division is further subdivided into…

Answer 13

1. somatic nervous system
2. autonomic nervous
   system

Question 14

somatic nervous system
conveys output from the CNS/PNS
to skeletal muscles/sensory output/CNS only

Answer 14

CNS -> skeletal muscles

Question 15

which of these is voluntarily controlled: autonomic/somatic NS

Answer 15

somatic NS

Question 16

The X nervous
system conveys output from
the CNS to X muscle,
X muscle, and glands

Answer 16

autonomic
X smooth
X cardiac

Question 17

The AutonomicNS is comprised of two main branches, the X nervous system and
the X nervous system.

Answer 17

sympathetic
parasympathetic

Question 18

AutonomicNS:

With a few exceptions, effectors receive innervation from both of these branches
(dual innervation), and usually the two branches have opposing actions:

Answer 18

sympathetic= fight or flight responses (increase heartrate)
parasympathetic = “rest-and-digest” (decrease heart rate)

Question 19

What is a third branch of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 19

enteric nervous system (GI tract)

Question 20

True/false:

Although the enteric nervous system can function independently, it communicates
with and is regulated by the other branches of the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 20

true

Question 21

what are the three basic functions of the nervous system?

Answer 21

Sensory function (internal/external: blood pressure/a rain drop)
Integrative function (process sensory info and make decisions)
Motor function (once it is intergrated, appropriate motor response)

Question 22

Sensory impulses that reach the A may serve as input for spinal reflexes,
such as the stretch reflex.
* Sensory impulses that reach the B elicit more complex reflexes,
such as changes in heart rate or breathing rate.
* When sensory impulses reach the C, we become consciously
aware of the sensory stimuli and can precisely locate and identify specific
sensations such as touch, pain, hearing, or taste.

cerebral cortex
spinal cord
lower brainstem

put in right order queeen

Answer 22

A spinal cord
B lower brainstem
C cerebral cortex

Question 23

Perception is the conscious interpretation of sensations and is primarily a function of
the spinal cord

true/false

Answer 23

false: cerebral cortex

Question 24

True/false:
Each unique type of sensation is called a sensory modality.

Answer 24

true

Question 25

True/false A given sensory neuron carries information for only two sensory modalities.

Answer 25

false: only one

Question 26

The different sensory modalities can be grouped into two classes: X senses and X senses.

Answer 26

general special

Question 27

The general senses refer to both somatic senses and visceral senses. What are they?

Answer 27

Somatic = tactile sensations (touch), thermal sensations (warm and cold), pain sensations, and proprioceptive sensations (knowing your limbs) Visceral senses: provide information about conditions within internal organs

Question 28

Sensory receptors are non-selective: a given sensory receptor does not only responds vigorously to one particular kind of stimulus, but also responds to others. true/false

Answer 28

False: Sensory receptors are selective: a given sensory receptor responds vigorously to one particular kind of stimulus and responds weakly or not at all to others.

Question 29

For a sensation to arise, the following four events typically occur: Integration of sensory input. Stimulation of the sensory receptor. Generation of nerve impulses. Transduction of the stimulus. put them in the right order.

Answer 29

For a sensation to arise, the following four events typically occur: 1. Stimulation of the sensory receptor. 2. Transduction of the stimulus. 3. Generation of nerve impulses. 4. Integration of sensory input.

Question 30

Sensory neurons that conduct impulses from the PNS into the CNS are called X neurons.

Answer 30

firstorder

Question 31

Several structural and functional characteristics of sensory receptors can be used to group them into different classes:

Answer 31

1. Structure 2. Location of the receptors and the origin of stimuli that activate them 3. Type of stimulus detected

Question 32

TYPES OF SENSORY RECEPTORS: ACCORDING STRUCTURE

Answer 32

1. Free nerve endings of first-order sensory neurons. 2. Encapsulated nerve endings of first-order sensory neurons. 3. Separate cells that synapse with first-order sensory neurons.

Question 33

TYPES OF SENSORY RECEPTORS: ACCORDING LOCATION

Answer 33

Exteroceptors: provide information about the external environment Interoceptors or visceroceptors: monitor conditions in the internal environment Proprioceptors: provide information about body position

Question 34

TYPES OF SENSORY RECEPTORS: ACCORDING TYPE OF STIMULUS (name 3)

Answer 34

Mechanoreceptors (touch, pressure, etc) Thermoreceptors Nociceptors (pain) Photoreceptors Chemoreceptors (chemicals) Osmoreceptors

Question 35

Because of adaptation, the perception of a sensation may fade or disappear even though the stimulus persists. true/false

Answer 35

true

Question 36

The sensory receptors for somatic sensations are distributed unevenly: some parts of the body surface are densely populated with receptors, and others contain only a few true/false

Answer 36

true

Question 37

There are four modalities of somatic sensation: TTPP

Answer 37

tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive.