Chapter 3-fluids, Elctrolytes, Acid, Base

Question 1

2/3 or the body’s water is ________ ___________

Answer 1

Intercellular fluid

Question 2

1/3 is _______ _______. This is made of what two groups?

Answer 2

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Interstitial fluid
Intravascular fluid

Question 3

A family of water channel proteins that provide permeability to water

Answer 3

Aquaporins

Question 4

What percent body weight is normal for neonates to lose following birth?

Answer 4

5%

Question 5

_________is responsible for the osmotic balance of the ECF

Answer 5

Sodium

Question 6

___________ maintains the osmotic balance of the ICF.

Answer 6

Potassium

Question 7

___________ ___________ ___________ facilitates the outward movement of water from the capillary to the interstitial space

Answer 7

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 8

Attracts water from the interstitial space back into the capillary

Answer 8

Capillary oncotic pressure

Question 9

Facilitates the inward movement of water from the interstitial space into the capillary

Answer 9

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Question 10

Osmotically attracts water from the capillary into the interstitial space

Answer 10

Interstitial oncotic pressure

Question 11

An excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces

Answer 11

Edema

Question 12

What are he four most common causes for edema

Answer 12

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Decreased capillary oncotic pressure
Increased capillary membrane permeability
Lymphatic obstruction

Question 13

Water follows the _________ _________ established by changes in salt concentration

Answer 13

Osmotic gradient

Question 14

Sodium is regulated by the renal affects of ____________

Answer 14

Aldosterone

Question 15

________ accounts for 90% of ECF cations

Answer 15

Sodium (Na+)

Question 16

The ________, in conjunction with neural and hormonal mediators, maintains normal serum sodium levels (___to___) primarily through ______ ______ _________.

Answer 16

Kidney
135-145 mEq/L
Renal tubular absorption

Question 17

Hormonal regulation of sodium balanced is mediated by -___________

Answer 17

Aldosterone

Question 18

Aldosterone is secret r from the _______ ________

Answer 18

Adrenal cortex

Question 19

When circulating blood pressure and renal flow, or serum sodium concentrations is reduced, ______, an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys is released

Answer 19

Renin

Question 20

When is renin secreted?

Answer 20

Decreased BP and renal flow or decreased serum sodium concentrations

Question 21

Renin stimulates the formation of

Answer 21

Angiotensin I

Question 22

What converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

Answer 22

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Question 23

What is caused my angiotensin II?

Answer 23

Vasoconstriction

Question 24

Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of?

Answer 24

Aldosterone

Question 25

__________ also stimulates secretion of ________ by the distal tubule of the kidney __________ potassium concentrations in the ECF.

Answer 25

Aldosterone Potassium Decreasing

Question 26

What is secreted when plasma osmolality increases or circulating blood volumes decrease and BP drops

Answer 26

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 27

Increased osmolality stimulates hypothalamic _____________, which stimulates thirst. Once stimulated they also cause the posterior pituitary to release

Answer 27

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 28

The action of ____________ ___________ is to increase the permeability of distal renal tubular cells to water, increasing water reabsorption and promoting the restoration or plasma volume and blood pressure.

Answer 28

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 29

The restoration of plasma osmolality, blood volume, and blood pressure then _______ ADH secretion.

Answer 29

Inhibits

Question 30

With fluid loss (dehydration) and a decrease in a blood volume and blood pressure, ____________ stimulates the release of ADH.

Answer 30

Baroreceptors

Question 31

Higher concentrations of ADH stimulates peripheral ___________ _____________, thus increasing BP

Answer 31

Arterial vasoconstriction

Question 32

Hypertonic state caused by water loss leads to

Answer 32

Hypovolemia

Question 33

Hypertonicity of the ECF ______ water from the ICF, causing dehydration.

Answer 33

Attracts

Question 34

Most common type of hypernatremia is ________

Answer 34

Euvolemic

Question 35

If you have hypernatremia you will likely also have _____________

Answer 35

Hyperchloremia

Question 36

Intracellular levels of K are equal to ___ to ____ mEq/L, and extra cellular levels are _____ to _____ mEq/L

Answer 36

150-160 3.5-5

Question 37

What contributes to the regulation of plasma potassium levels by stimulating the NaK ATPase pump, thereby promoting potassium into liver and muscle cells

Answer 37

Insulin

Question 38

__________ facilitates the shift of K into cells in exchange for H+

Answer 38

Alkalosis

Question 39

Hydrogen ions move to the ____ in a state of acidosis

Answer 39

ICF

Question 40

Renal regulation of potassium includes: (4)

Answer 40

1. The concentrations gradient for K+ at the sista tubule and collecting duct 2. The distal tubule flow rate and distal tubule sodium delivery 3. The action of aldosterone 4. Changes in pH causing acidosis or alkalosis

Question 41

If the threshold potential remains stable, the difference between resting membrane potential and threshold potential increases and the cell membrane becomes _________

Answer 41

Hyperpolarized

Question 42

Calcium and phosphate balance is regulated these three hormones

Answer 42

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Vitamin D Calcitonin

Question 43

__________primarily decreases calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclastic activity in bone

Answer 43

Calcitonin

Question 44

Increased secretion of PTH causes (increase/decrease) or calcium

Answer 44

Decrease

Question 45

Where is magnesium located?

Answer 45

ICF

Question 46

Plasma concentration of magnesium is

Answer 46

1.5-3 mg/dL

Question 47

Symptoms of hypermagnesmia

Answer 47

Bradycardia, resp distress, hypotension

Question 48

S/sx hypomagnesemia

Answer 48

Depression, confusion, irritability, increased reflexes, muscle weakness, ataxia

Question 49

S/sx of hypercalcemia

Answer 49

Fatigue, weakness, lethargy, anorexia nausea and constipation are common

Question 50

S/sx of hypocalcemia

Answer 50

Paresthesias around the mouth and in the digits; carpopedal spasm (muscle spasms in the hands/feet) hyperreflexia, and seizures

Question 51

S/sx of hyperkalemia

Answer 51

Muscle weakness or paralysis and dysrhythmia changes on EKG

Question 52

S/sx of hypokalemia

Answer 52

Skeletal muscle weakness in the larger muscles of the leg and arm and ultimately affect the diaphragm and depresses ventilation. Can lead to paralysis and respiratory arrest

Question 53

As hydrogen ions increases the pH ________

Answer 53

Decreases

Question 54

Three organs responsible for maintaining a normal pH

Answer 54

The bones, the lungs, and the kidneys

Question 55

Respiratory acids that are eliminated as CO2

Answer 55

Volatile

Question 56

Metabolic acids that are eliminated by the kidney or metabolized by the liver

Answer 56

Nonvolatile acids

Question 57

Occurs in response to acid/base shifts

Answer 57

Buffering

Question 58

Renal and respiratory adjustments to primary changes in pH

Answer 58

Compensation

Question 59

Occurs when the values for both components of the buffer system really run to normal

Answer 59

Correction

Question 60

An excellent intracellular blood buffer because of its ability to bind with H+ and carbon dioxide

Answer 60

Hemoglobin

Question 61

Sense increases or decreases in the pH and PaCO2

Answer 61

Chemoreceptors

Question 62

The state at which the pH of arterial blood is less than 7.35

Answer 62

Acidemia

Question 63

When pH of arterial blood is greater than 7.45

Answer 63

Alkalemia

Question 64

Compensation for respiratory acidosis

Answer 64

Renal bicarbonate retention and hydrogen elimination

Question 65

Compensation for metabolic acidosis

Answer 65

Respiratory CO2 elimination (hyperventilation)

Question 66

Compensation for respiratory alkalosis

Answer 66

Renal bicarbonate elimination and hydrogen retention

Question 67

Compensation for metabolic acidosis

Answer 67

Respiratory retention of CO2 (hypoventilation)

Question 68

Excess carbon dioxide in the blood

Answer 68

Hypercapnia

Question 69

S/sx of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 69

Dizziness, confusion, tingling of the extremities, convulsions, coma

Question 70

S/sx of respiratory acidosis

Answer 70

HA, restlessness, blurred vision, and apprehension

Question 71

Water moves between the plasma and interstitial fluid by __________ and _____________ _____________.

Answer 71

Osmosis | Hydrostatic pressure

Question 72

Sodium balance is regulated by ___________ , which increases reabsorption of sodium by the _________ _______ of the kidney.

Answer 72

Aldosterone | Distal tubule

Question 73

_______ and ________ are enzymes that promote or inhibit secretion of aldosterone and this regulate sodium and water balance.

Answer 73

Renin and angiotensin

Question 74

this is also involved in decreasing renal tubular resorption and promotes urinary excretion of sodium

Answer 74

Atrial natriuretic hormone