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Pathophysiology Test 1 > Chapter 2: Altered Cellular And Tissue Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Altered Cellular And Tissue Biology Flashcards

1
Q

A reversible, structural, or functional responsible to both normal or physiological conditions and adverse or pathological conditions

A

Adaptation

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2
Q

Decrease in cell size

A

Atrophy

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3
Q

Increase in cell size

A

Hypertrophy

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4
Q

Increase in cell number

A

Hyperplasia

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5
Q

Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type or a change in the phenotype

A

Metaplasia

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6
Q

Deranged cellular growth (atypical hyperplasia)

A

Dysphasia

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7
Q

Where is atrophy most common to occur?

A

Skeletal muscle, the heart, secondary sex organs, and the brain

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8
Q

An adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate (i.e. the liver)

A

Compensatory hyperplasia

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9
Q

Abnormal proliferation of normal cells and can occur as a response to excessive hormonal stimulation or the effects of growth factors in target cells

A

Pathological hyperplasia

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10
Q

Abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells

A

Dysplasia

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11
Q

When dysplastic changes penetrates the basement membrane it is covered considered a preinvasive neoplasm and I known as

A

Carcinoma in situ

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of cellular injury

A

Hypoxia

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13
Q

Lack of ATP leads to an increase in anaerobic metabolism, which generates ATP from?

A

Glycogen

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14
Q

The destruction of unsaturated fatty acids

A

Lipid perixidation

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15
Q

Compounds that humans are exposed to, including toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals

A

Xenobiotics

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16
Q

An atom or molecule that is attracted to electrons and accept a pair of electrons to make a covalent bond

A

Electrophile

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17
Q

An atom or molecule that donates an electron pair to form a chemical bond?

A

Nucleophile

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18
Q

Contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical, or biologic agent that modifies natural characteristics of the atmosphere

A

Air pollution

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19
Q

Exposure to this toxin increases risk for brain damage and nervous system; slowed growth & development, learning and behavior problems, hearing/speech problems

A

Lead (pb)

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20
Q

Oxygen failing to reach the blood, can result from a lack of oxygen in the environment or blockage or the external airways

A

Suffocation

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21
Q

Compression and closure of the blood vessels and air passages resulting from external pressure on the neck

A

Strangulation

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22
Q

Uncontrolled increase in body temperature that exceeds the body’s ability to lose heat

A

Hyperthermia

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23
Q

(Cramping if voluntary muscles) usually a result of vigorous exercise that causes a loss of salt and water due to sweat

A

Heat cramps

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24
Q

A life threatening condition associated with a high environmental temps and humidity

A

Heat stroke

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25
Q

Occurs in individuals with an inherited disorder of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to anesthetics

A

Malignant hyperthermia

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26
Q

Where generations of cell derived from an irradiated progenitor cell appear normal but time-lethal (irreversible) and nonlethal mutations appear is distant progeny, sometimes called “vertical transmission”

A

Genomic instability

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27
Q

The Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that interacts with the eye is called __________ _________. Includes wavelengths from UC light to infrared light.

A

Optical radiation

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28
Q

A perpendicular caring force

A

Compression

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29
Q

A stretching force

A

Tension

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30
Q

A twisting force

A

Torsion

31
Q

The most common degenerative changes and caused by the shift of extra cellular water into cells

A

Cellular swelling

32
Q

What is the active transport enzyme?

A

Adenosinetriphoshphatse (ATPase)

33
Q

In hypoxia, reduced levels of ATP and ATPase allows ___________ into the cell and _____________ out of the cell.

A

Sodium

Potassium

34
Q

Carbohydrates excess disorders are called?

A

Mucopolysaccharidoses

35
Q

The accumulation of both lipids and carbs are called?

A

Mucolipidoses

36
Q

Where is the most common place for intraclular lipid accumulation

A

Liver

37
Q

Where are proteins synthesized?

A

Ribosomes

38
Q

Where does melanin accumulate?

A

Epithelial cells (keratinocytes)

39
Q

What stimulates the production of melanin?

A

UV Light

40
Q

Melanin is synthesized by Epidermal cells called __________

A

Melanocytes

41
Q

A condition with a decrease in melanin production

A

Albinism

42
Q

A yellow-brown pigment derived from hemoglobin

A

Hemosiderin

43
Q

Iron is stored in tissue cells in what two forms?

A

Ferrartin

Hemosiderin

44
Q

A condition in which excess iron is stored as hemosiderin

A

Hemosiderosis

45
Q

A normal yellow to green pigment of bile derived from the porphyrin structure of hemoglobin

A

Bilirubin

46
Q

Jaundice occurs when bilirubin level exceeds ______ to _______ mg/dL

A

1.5 to 2

47
Q

Name three conditions where you see hyperbilirubinemia

A
  1. Destruction of RBCs
  2. Diseases that affect metabolism and excretion of bilirubin in the liver
  3. Obstruction in common bile duct
48
Q

What type of calcification is seen in TB, arteries of advanced atherosclerosis

A

Dystrophic calcification

49
Q

__________ ___________ occurs in dying and deaf tissues in areas of necrosis

A

Dystrophic calcification

50
Q

Consists of mineral deposits that occur in undamaged normal tissues as a result of hyper-calcification

A

Metastatic calcification

51
Q

Characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction, and lack of typical features of apoptosis

A

Necrosis

52
Q

Necrosis is the sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular self-digestion, known as _________

A

Autolysis

53
Q

What is nuclear dissolution and lysis is chromatin from the action of hydrolytic enzymes

A

Karyolysis

54
Q

What is the nucleus shrinks and becomes small, dense mass of genetic material

A

Pyknosis

55
Q

Occurs Primarily in the kidneys heart and adrenal gland commonly results from hypoxia caused by severe ischemia or hypoxia caused by chemical injury especially ingestion of mercuric chloride

A

Coagulation necrosis

56
Q

____________ is caused by protein denaturation, which causes the protein albumin to change from a gelatinous, transparent state to a firm, opaque state

A

Coagulation

57
Q

The area of coagulate of necrosis is called an _______

A

Infarct

58
Q

___________ ___________ commonly results from ischemic injury to neurons and glial elks in the brain.

A

Liquefactive necrosis

59
Q

_________ __________, which commonly results from tuberculosis pulmonary infection, is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis

A

Caseous necrosis

60
Q

Death of tissue and results from severe hypoxia injury, commonly occurring because of arteriosclerosis of major arteries especially in the lower leg

A

Gangrenous necrosis

61
Q

Usually the result of coagulative necrosis

A

Dry gangrene

62
Q

_______ _________ develops when neutrophils invade the site, causing liquefactive necrosis

A

Wet gangrene

63
Q

An active process of cellular self destruction—called programmed cell death (type 1)—in both normal and pathological tissue changes

A

Apoptosis

64
Q

Excessive accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER leads to a condition known as ________ ________ __________ which leads to _______ cell death.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER)

Apoptotic

65
Q

Eating oneself

A

Autophagy

66
Q

___________ _______ __________ (type II programmed cell death) is characterized by double or multiple membrane cytoplasmic vesicles engulfing bulk organelles

A

Autophagic cell death

67
Q

The progressive loss of tissues and organs over time

A

Aging

68
Q

The process of permanent proliferative arrest in cells in response to various stressors and may be an important contributor to aging and age-related disease.

A

Senescence

69
Q

The loss of muscle mass and strength

A

Sarcopenia

70
Q

The death of the entire person

A

Somatic death

71
Q

Post Mortem reduction of body temperature

A

Algor mortis

72
Q

Gravity causes blood to settle in the most dependent, or lowest tissues, which develop a purple discoloration called

A

Livor mortis

73
Q

Putrefactive changes are associated with the release of enzymes and music dissolution called

A

Postmortem autolysis

Pathophysiology Test 1 (7 decks)

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