Chapter 3: Graphing & Research Designs

Question 1

Components of a graph

Answer 1

• x-axis and y-axis
• labels(units)
• data points with lines connecting them
• phase line
• phase labels

Question 2

independent variable

Answer 2

treatment applied to the client

Question 3

dependent variable

Answer 3

target behavior measure

Question 4

Confounding Variable

Answer 4

another factor that may affect behavior that is not controlled for (avoid this)
ex. when applying punishment, parents also pays attention to them (reinforcement)

Question 5

Functional relationship

Answer 5

treatment procedure regularly causes a change in the target behaviour, requires two criteria:

1) IV-DV relationship
2) Replication: consistent pattern of results

Question 6

A-B design

Answer 6

• one baseline phase (A) and one treatment phase (B)

- Baseline phase: 3 data points that do not show a trend

Question 7

A-B design (Pros and cons)

Answer 7

pros:
- for self management
cons:
- lacks replication, so it cannot ascertain cause and effect

Question 8

A-B-A-B(or reversal design)

Answer 8

Has two baseline phase and two treatment phases

can be varied to include more than one kind of treatment ex. ABAC, ABCAC

Question 9

A-B-A-B(or reversal design): Pros and Cons

Answer 9

Pro:
Can establish cause and effect
Cons:
behavior may not revert back in second baseline
- may be unethical to withdraw a beneficial intervention

Question 10

Multiple baseline designs

Answer 10

• more than one A-B design is carried out
• baselines may vary in length before treatment begins
• intervention phase is staggered across separate designs
• can provide evidence that treatment is effective

Question 11

Multiple baseline across subjects

Answer 11

apply treatment to several different ppl

ex. nurses wearing protective gloves

Question 12

Multiple baseline across target behavior

Answer 12

apply treatment to several different target behaviors

ex. proper pronunciation of the “th” and “z”

Question 13

Multiple baseline across setting

Answer 13

apply treatment to several different settings

ex. stuttering at home vs. work

Question 14

Multiple baseline (pros and cons)

Answer 14

Pros:
has no reversal, good for behaviors
- if behavior changes occurs only when the B Phase starts in each conditioning, we can conclude it was the result of intervention
Cons:
- treatment may spread across subjects, behaviors, ot settings during supposed baseline phase

Question 15

Alternating-treatment design

Answer 15

• baseline and treatment phases are applied in rapid succession
• extraneous factors that could affect the results (ex. time of day) can be counter balanced
• treatment effects shown by fractionation: consistent separation between treatment curves

Question 16

Alternating-treatment design (pros and cons)

Answer 16

Pro:
- extraneous variables will have less affect
- evaluates effects of different treatments
cons:
- treatments may interact with each other

Question 17

Changing Criterion design:

Answer 17

• criterion for successful treatment progressively changes
• uses A-B design, but goal for target behavior changes in the treatment phase
  ex. Number of revolutions per minute bicycle
  ex. working out

Question 18

Changing Criterion design: (pros and cons)

Answer 18

Pro:
Well suited to behaviors that can be approximated gradually
Cons:
unsuitable for behaviours that may not change gradually