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SLP A&P > Chapter 3 - Physiology Of Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Physiology Of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

4 major events of respiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport in the blood, internal respiration

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2
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Movement of air into the lungs, alveoli has to match atmospheric pressure

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3
Q

External respiration

A

occurs as a function of partial pressure differences in oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

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4
Q

Transport in the blood

A

Crosses the barrier and the heart pumps throughout the body

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5
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between Internal tissues b/w cells and capillaries

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6
Q

Restorative forces

A

Elasticity, torque, gravity

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7
Q

Expiration in quiet respiration

A

Lungs expand, rib cage elevates, abdominal organs are compressed. When this ceases restorative forces take affect and lungs are restored

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8
Q

Elasticity

A

Lungs are elastic so they return to normal size upon expiration

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9
Q

Torque

A

Ribs twist up and recoil during inspiration. Abdomen pushes everything back to resting - expiration

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10
Q

Gravity

A

Pulls the ribs back after expanding - exhalation

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11
Q

Respiratory cycle definition

A

One inspiration in, one expiration out

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12
Q

Vital capacity total breathing

A

Inhalation is 40%, exhalation is 60%

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13
Q

Active expiration

A

Muscular effort, abdomen is compressed, muscles reduce size of thorax, rib cage is pulled down , air is pulled out of lungs

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14
Q

Basic process of gas exchange

A

Ventilation, distribution, perfusion, diffusion - law of partial pressure applies

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15
Q

Ventilation

A

Air inhaled per unit of time - moved to the alveoli - movement of air in the respiratory pathway

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16
Q

Perfusion

A

Migration of fluid through a barrier - blood flow to the alveoli by the right pulmonary artery perfuses to the capillaries. refers to the blood flow to tissues and organs

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17
Q

Diffusion

A

Migration or mixing of one material through another. The process whereby gases move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood through the capillaries (tiny blood vessels) lining the alveolar walls

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18
Q

Factors that affect respiration

A

Exercise, age, muscle weakness, illness

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19
Q

Lung volumes

A

Tidal volume (TV), inspiration reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), residual volume (RV)

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20
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume inspired and expired during normal quiet expiration

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21
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

Volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal respiration - used AFTER tidal volume. After you take a normal breath in, you breathe in as much as you can above the normal breath.

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22
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Resting lung volume, the volume of air remaining within the lungs after quiet tidal expiration. After you exhale, you blow out the rest of the air.

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23
Q

Residual volume

A

In respiration, the volume of air remaining after a maximum exhalation. After you blow out as much air it is the air left in your lungs but cannnot be measured by a spirometer because you can’t blow it out.

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24
Q

Dead space air

A

The air within the conducting passageways that cannot be involved in gas exchange

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25
Q

Capacities definition

A

Represent functional combinations of lung volume

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26
Q

Lung capacities

A

Vital capacity, functional residual capacity, inspiratory capacity, total lung capacity

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27
Q

Vital capacity

A

Capacity available for speech, combination of IRV + TV + ERV, air that can be inhaled following a maximal exhalation - related to size, sex, and breathing habits. Deep breath in and deep breath out.

28
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

Volume of air in the body at the end of a passive exhalation, includes ERV + RV

29
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

The maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration: TV + IRV - After you breathe out you take a deep breath in .

30
Q

Total lung capacity

A

the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume , and residual volume

31
Q

Effect of age on volumes

A

VC, IC, ERV decline with age, total lung capacity is the same throughout one’s life, function is reduced

32
Q

Respiratory system pressures

A

Atmospheric +, intraoral +, subglottal +, alveolar +, intrapleaural -

33
Q

Things that affect tidal volume

A

Physical exertion, body size, and age

34
Q

Respiratory pressures

A

Atmospheric +, intraoral +, subglottal +, alveolar +, intra pleural -

35
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Pressure exerted by the weight of the environment

36
Q

Subglottal pressure

A

Pressure measured below the vocal folds, equal to alveolar pressure during respiration

37
Q

Intraoral pressure

A

Air pressure measured within the mouth, equal to alveolar pressure during respiration

38
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure in the space between the parietal and visceral pleurae, negative throughout respiration

39
Q

1st level of pressure for speech

A

Subglottal pressure is constant which drives the vocal folds to produce sustained voicing of a given intensity

40
Q

2nd level of pressure for speech

A

Requires microcontroller, rapid change in pressure required for linguistic changes such as syllable stress

41
Q

Checking action

A

Impede or check the flow of air out of your inflated lungs by means of the muscles that got it there in the first place - the muscles of inspiration

42
Q

Vital capacity speech breathing

A

10% inspiration, 90% expiration

43
Q

Most common types of breathing

A

Diaphragmatic and thoracic

44
Q

Clavicular breathing

A

Breathing in excessive tension in the throat area and inadequate breath supply

45
Q

RLV

A

Reserve lung volume same as ERV

46
Q

2 differences between adult and children

A

Adults breathe between 12-18 times a minute, newborn breathes 40-70times per minute. the adult has a considerable volume of air that is never expelled but the infant does not have this reserve.

47
Q

Causes alveolar pressure to drop

A

Contraction of the diaphragm

48
Q

Why is intrapleural pressure always negative

A

Negative relative to atmospheric pressure, arising from the fact that the lungs are in a state of continued expansion within the thoracic cavity

49
Q

What happens to intrapleaural pressure when diaphragm contracts?

A

Becomes more negative as the diaphragm attempts to pull the diaphragmatic pleurae away from the visceral pleurae. Pressure continues to drop. Maximum negative when diaphragm completes contraction. Reverses upon relaxation

50
Q

What happens to pressure when vocal folds are open?

A

Intraoral, subglottal and alveolar pressure are the same

51
Q

What happens to pressure when lungs are drawing in air?

A

Negative pressure above and below vocal folds

52
Q

What happens to pressure when lungs are in expiration?

A

The pressure will be relatively positive

53
Q

What happens to pressure when vocal folds close for phonation?

A

Causes an immediate increase in the pressure below the vocal folds (subglottal air pressure). Pressure above the vocal folds drops to near atmospheric pressure

54
Q

What happens if transglottal pressure exceeds 3 to 5 cm H2O?

A

Vocal folds will be blown open and voicing begins

55
Q

What generates subglottal pressure?

A

Mostly a function of the forces of expiration, specifically elasticity and gravity

56
Q

Pressures in the cycle of respiration

A

Contraction of the diaphragm and muscles of inspiration causes the intrapleural pressure to decrease markedly, which in turn causes the lungs to expand. When the lungs expand, alveolar pressure drops relative to atmospheric pressure, causing air to ENTER the lungs. Relaxing the muscles of inspiration permits the natural recoil of the lungs and cartilage to draw the chest back to its original position, and the relaxed diaphragm again returns to its relatively elevated position in the thorax. When this happens, intrapleural pressure increases (but still stays negative) and alveolar pressure becomes positive relative to atmospheric pressure. Air LEAVES the lungs

57
Q

What does relaxation of the inspiratory muscles do to pressure

A

Relaxing the musculature after inspiration results in a positive alveolar pressure that decreases as volume approaches RLV.

58
Q

What happens to pressure after forced expiration?

A

Negative relaxation pressure is found, increasing to equilibrium at RLV

59
Q

Effects of tissue on pressure

A

Negative pressures are a function of the chest wall recoil; the positive pressure arise from the expanded lungs and torqued cartilage

60
Q

Effects of posture on pressure

A

In supine position, gravity supports neither expiration or inspiration. Muscles of inspiration must elevate both abdomen and rib cage against gravity, which requires significantly greater effort to generate the negative subglottal pressure required for respiration

61
Q

Why do abdominal muscles remain in a state of graded tonic contraction during expiration

A
  1. Ready to accommodate speech needs
  2. Help to restrain the abdominal visceral during pulsed contractions of the thoracic musculature which is important for suprasegmental aspects of speech
62
Q

What happens when the air pressure within the lungs is lower than that of the atmosphere

A

Air will enter the lungs

63
Q

What happens to resting lung volume when the body is reclined?

A

The resting lung volume decreases

64
Q

Pulmonary ventilation is dependent on 3 types of pressure

A

Atmospheric, alveolar, and intrapleural

65
Q

Respiration pressure values

A

Negative pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure, positive pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure . A pressure equal to atmospheric pressure is zero.

66
Q

What happens when pressure in lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure

A

Air is pulled into the lungs

SLP A&P (8 decks)

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