Chapter 2 - Anatomy Of Respiration

Question 1

Definition of respiration

Answer 1

Defined as the exchange of gas between an organism and its environment

Question 2

Boyle’s Law

Answer 2

If a gas is kept under constant temperature, then pressure and volume are inversely proportional to one another. P x V =Constant. If one goes up the other goes down and vice versa

Question 3

Kinetic theory of gases

Answer 3

When volume and temperature are held constant, the force of pressure exerted on the walls of a container is directly proportional to the number of molecules inside

Question 4

Structures of respiration

Answer 4

Vertebral column, pelvic and pectoral girdles, ribs and rib cage

Question 5

5 divisions of vertebral column

Answer 5

Cervical (1-7), thoracic (1-12), lumbar (1-5), sacral (1-5), coccygeal

Question 6

Unique features of cervical vertebrae

Answer 6

Have transverse foraminae for vertebral arteries and veins. C1 (atlas), C2 (axis), C7.

Question 7

Unique features of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 7

Facets on their transverse processes on which the ribs attach

Question 8

Unique features of lumbar vertebrae

Answer 8

Are large and have weight bearing function. Point of attachment for posterior fibers of the diaphragm

Question 9

Sacrum use

Answer 9

Forms the posterior pelvic wall and strengthens and stabilizes the pelvis

Question 10

Pectoral girdle components

Answer 10

Clavicle
Scapula
Glenoid fossa: receives the humerus
Acromion process: articulates with the clavicle
Coracoid process: beaked/hooked part

Question 11

Pelvic girdle components

Answer 11

Paired hip bones along with the sacrum and cocccyx
Illium
Ischium
Pubis

Question 12

Ilium components

Answer 12

Fan shaped, greatest bulk of the hip bone
Place of attachment for abdominal muscles
3 parts
Iliac crest
Sacro iliac joint
Greater sciatic notch

Question 13

Pubic components

Answer 13

Attachment for abdominal muscles
Meets the opposite pubis at the pubis symphysis

Question 14

Rib tubercle

Answer 14

Located at the junction of the shaft and the neck of the rib, articulates with the tips of the transverse process

Question 15

Rib head

Answer 15

Articulates with the body of the 2 adjacent vertebrae, except 10-12

Question 16

Rib cage increases in 3 planes

Answer 16

Vertical - due to contraction of the diaphragm
Transverse - due to raising of the ribs
Anterior - due to simultaneous forward and upward movement of the sternum

Question 17

Respiratory passage upper tract

Answer 17

Nasal, oral, pharyngeal, sinuses

Question 18

Respiratory passage lower tract

Answer 18

Larynx, trachea, lungs (bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli)

Question 19

Where does gas exchange happen

Answer 19

At the level of the alveoli within the lower respiratory tract

Question 20

Trachea

Answer 20

Tube lined with mucous membrane that is composed of ciliated epithelial cells that secrete mucous

Question 21

Bronchi

Answer 21

Helium: place where the bronchi enter the lung
Right branch divides in two 3 secondary bronchi, left has 2
Lead from trachea to alveoli

Question 22

Bronchi components

Answer 22

Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Air sacs
Alveoli

Question 23

Ribs 1-7

Answer 23

Join with sternum, true ribs

Question 24

Ribs 8-10

Answer 24

Connected with costal cartilage - false ribs

Question 25

Ribs 11 & 12

Answer 25

Floating ribs

Question 26

Carina

Answer 26

Point where the trachea separates into two primary bronchi

Question 27

Alveoli

Answer 27

Actual site of gas exchange, single layer of squamous epithelium, secretes and surfactant

Question 28

Function of surfactant

Answer 28

Reduces the tendency of the alveoli to collapse, makes water molecules become less cohesive

Question 29

Pleura

Answer 29

Double layered serous membrane that houses the lungs

Question 30

Muscles of inspiration - quiet

Answer 30

Diaphragm, external and internal intercostals

Question 31

Muscles of inspiration - forced

Answer 31

Sternocleidamastoid, scalens, lavator costarum, serratus posterior, pectoralis, subclavius, levator scapulae, trapezius, serratus anterior

Question 32

Muscles of exhalation

Answer 32

Abdominal (external,internal obliques, rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus, quadratus lumbarum
Internal Intercostals: Interosseous portion
Subcostals
Serratus posterior inferior
Latissiumus Doris

Question 33

Neck accessory muscles of inspiration

Answer 33

Sternocleidomastoid, scalens (anterior, posterior, medial)

Question 34

Thorax accessory muscles of inspiration

Answer 34

Levator costarum (brevis, longis), serratus posterior

Question 35

Shoulder/Upper Arm accessory muscles of inspiration

Answer 35

Pectoralis (major/minor), subclavius, levator scapulae, trapezius, serratus anterior